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Palmar process fractures of the distal phalanx in foals: A review

机译：露牛皮腭裂骨折：审查

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SummarySummary Distal phalanx fractures are well documented in adult horses, but our knowledge of such fractures in foals is limited. Recent studies showed a high incidence of distal phalanx palmar process (PP) fractures in foals, the aetiology is not yet known. Several hypotheses have been suggested as possible causes, including uneven compressive forces, unequal forces from the deep digital flexor tendon, composition and shape of the PP, and conformation. A better understanding of the aetiology and predisposing factors requires further research. Radiography is the commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis of such fractures; however, those fractures might be missed on routine radiographic projections. In order to have a high probability of identifying fractures, a series of 5 radiographs including the oblique views is required. This article reviews the incidence of distal phalanx PP fractures and discusses the diagnosis of such fractures.Distal phalanx fractures are well documented in adult horses, but our knowledge of such fractures in foals is limited. Recent studies showed a high incidence of distal phalanx palmar process (PP) fractures in foals, the aetiology is not yet known. Several hypotheses have been suggested as possible causes, including uneven compressive forces, unequal forces from the deep digital flexor tendon, composition and shape of the PP, and conformation. A better understanding of the aetiology and predisposing factors requires further research. Radiography is the commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis of such fractures; however, those fractures might be missed on routine radiographic projections. In order to have a high probability of identifying fractures, a series of 5 radiographs including the oblique views is required. This article reviews the incidence of distal phalanx PP fractures and discusses the diagnosis of such fractures.
机译：概述ummary的骨髓骨折在成人马中有很好的记录，但我们对马驹中这种骨折的了解是有限的。最近的研究表明，在马驹中的远端鳞片Palmar工艺（PP）骨折发病率，尚未知道病因。已经提出了几个假设的原因，包括不均匀的压缩力，来自深层数字屈肌肌腱，PP的组成和形状的不等力，以及构象。更好地了解性病学和易感因素需要进一步研究。造影是常用的成像模态，用于诊断这种裂缝;但是，这些骨折可能会错过常规放射线投影。为了具有识别裂缝的高概率，需要一系列包括倾斜视图的5个包含倾斜视图。本文综述了远端骨折PP骨折的发病率，并探讨了这种骨折的诊断。在成人马中，有限于成年马的，但我们对马驹中这种骨折的知识有限。最近的研究表明，在马驹中的远端鳞片Palmar工艺（PP）骨折发病率，尚未知道病因。已经提出了几个假设的原因，包括不均匀的压缩力，来自深层数字屈肌肌腱，PP的组成和形状的不等力，以及构象。更好地了解性病学和易感因素需要进一步研究。造影是常用的成像模态，用于诊断这种裂缝;但是，这些骨折可能会错过常规放射线投影。为了具有识别裂缝的高概率，需要一系列包括倾斜视图的5个包含倾斜视图。本文审查了远端点球蛋白PP骨折的发病率，并探讨了这种骨折的诊断。

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