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Global dynamics of non-equilibrium gliding in animals

机译：动物中非平衡滑动的全球动态

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Gliding flight-moving horizontally downward through the air without power-has evolved in a broad diversity of taxa and serves numerous ecologically relevant functions such as predator escape, expanding foraging locations, and finding mates, and has been suggested as an evolutionary pathway to powered flight. Historically, gliding has been conceptualized using the idealized conditions of equilibrium, in which the net aerodynamic force on the glider balances its weight. While this assumption is appealing for its simplicity, recent studies of glide trajectories have shown that equilibrium gliding is not the norm for most species. Furthermore, equilibrium theory neglects the aerodynamic differences between species, as well as how a glider can modify its glide path using control. To investigate non-equilibrium glide behavior, we developed a reduced-order model of gliding that accounts for self-similarity in the equations of motion, such that the lift and drag characteristics alone determine the glide trajectory. From analysis of velocity polar diagrams of horizontal and vertical velocity from several gliding species, we find that pitch angle, the angle between the horizontal and chord line, is a control parameter that can be exploited to modulate glide angle and glide speed. Varying pitch results in changing locations of equilibrium glide configurations in the velocity polar diagram that govern passive glide dynamics. Such analyses provide a new mechanism of interspecies comparison and tools to understand experimentally-measured kinematics data and theory. In addition, this analysis suggests that the lift and drag characteristics of aerial and aquatic autonomous gliders can be engineered to passively alter glide trajectories with minimal control effort.
机译：滑动飞行在没有动力的空气中水平向下移动，在广泛的分集中进化，提供了许多生态相关的功能，如捕食者逃脱，扩大觅食地点以及寻找伴侣，并被建议作为动力飞行的进化途径。从历史上看，使用理想化的平衡条件已经概念化，滑翔机上的净空气动力平衡其重量。虽然这种假设对其简单起见，但最近的滑行轨迹的研究表明，大多数物种的均衡滑动不是常态。此外，均衡理论忽略了物种之间的空气动力学差异，以及滑翔机如何使用控制改变其滑动路径。为了调查非平衡滑行行为，我们开发了一种降低的滑动模型，其滑动估计用于运动方程中的自相似性，使得升力和拖动特性单独确定滑动轨迹。根据若干滑动物种的水平和垂直速度的速度极性图分析，我们发现音调角度，水平和弦线之间的角度，是可以利用的控制参数来调制滑动角度和滑动速度。不同的音高导致在管理被动滑动动力学的速度极性图中改变平衡滑动配置的位置。这种分析提供了一种新的Interpecies比较和工具来了解实验测量的运动学数据和理论。此外，该分析表明，空中和水生自动滑翔机的升力和拖曳特性可以设计以通过最小的控制努力被动地改变滑翔轨迹。

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