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Economic and environmental potentials for natural gas to enhance biomass-to-liquid fuels technologies

机译：天然气的经济和环境潜力，增强生物质对液体燃料技术

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With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas (NG), co-conversion of natural gas and biomass-to-liquid (GBtL) fuels has gained interest from industry and the U.S. Department of Energy due to the potential to improve liquid fuel yields while lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this article, we explore the conceptual process design and cost comparison of liquid biofuels using both biomass-derived gas intermediates and natural gas, as well as studies on quantification and assessment of sustainability metrics including life cycle/GHG emissions. Additionally, we have performed sensitivity analysis to understand the impact from variations of the biomass-to-NG ratio, design assumptions, and NG prices on process economics. This is to understand key cost drivers, parameters influencing the environment, and to discover opportunities to optimize the use of NG along with biomass. Our analysis shows that different blending ratios of natural gas/biomass have a large effect on the economic and environmental performance of the GBtL fuels. Co-processing NG enables the economic feasibility of converting biomass to the liquid fuel but at the expense of environmental sustainability. This study determined that the maximum amount of NG that can be blended with biomass would be 28% to meet the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) GHG emission targets for advanced fuels, with a resulting minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $2.75 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE). In addition, the paper demonstrates the impact of the co-conversion operation on equipment design, raw materials, utility consumption, and overall process economic performance for the GBtL system. A secondary outcome: This study shows that renewable liquid fuel could be cost competitive with fossil-derived liquid fuel if further improvements and optimizations could be made to blending ratios of NG, optimization of heat integration of the process, and reduction of excess hydrogen and excess electricity production.
机译：随着低成本天然气（NG）的可用性增加，天然气和生物质对液体（GBTL）燃料的共转换，由于有可能提高液体燃料产量，因此来自工业和美国能源部的兴趣在降低温室气体（GHG）排放量的同时。在本文中，我们探讨了使用生物量衍生的气体中间体和天然气的液体生物燃料的概念过程设计和成本比较，以及对包括生命周期/温室气体排放的可持续性度量的量化和评估研究。此外，我们已经进行了敏感性分析，以了解生物量对NG比率，设计假设和工艺经济学的NG价格的影响。这是为了了解关键成本驱动因素，影响环境的参数，以及发现优化使用NG以及生物质的使用的机会。我们的分析表明，不同的天然气/生物质的混合比对GBTL燃料的经济和环境性能具有很大影响。共同加工NG使得将生物质转化为液体燃料的经济可行性，但以牺牲环境可持续性为代价。该研究确定，可与生物量混合的最大数量为28％，以满足先进燃料的可再生燃料标准（RFS）GHG排放目标，由此产生的最低燃料销售价格（MFSP）每加仑汽油的2.75美元等价物（GGE）。此外，本文展示了GBTL系统对设备设计，原材料，公用事业消费和整体过程经济性能的影响。二次结果：本研究表明，如果可以进一步改进和优化，可再生液体燃料可以与化石衍生的液体燃料进行成本竞争，如果可以进一步改进和优化，则可以对NG的混合比进行混合，但对过程的热量的优化，以及减少过量的氢气和过量的减少电力生产。

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