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Effects of weed control strategy on weed dynamics, soybean productivity and profitability under conservation agriculture in India

机译：杂草控制策略对印度保护农业下杂草动态，大豆生产力和盈利能力的影响

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Weed management in conservation agriculture is very important for attaining sustainable crop yields. The effect of tillage, crop establishment techniques and weed management practices was evaluated on weed population of Echirzochloa colona (L.) Link and Digera arvensis (Forssk) as well as the productivity of soybean in the soybean. wheat system during 2009-2012. The four main treatments, viz. conventional-tillage with raised bed (CT-B), conventional tillage with flat bed (CT-F), zero-tillage with raised bed (ZT-B), and zero-tillage with flat bed (ZT-F), and four sub-treatments, viz. unweeded control, pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) as pre-emergence(PE) followed by one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing (DAS); pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) as PE followed by imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1) as post-emergence (POE), and imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1) as POE were evaluated in split-plot design with three replications. Results indicated that total weed density and biomass was maximum in the first year, and declined gradually in third and fourth years. In 2009, ZT-F recorded the highest weed density and weed biomass followed by ZT-B. However in 2012, the highest weed density and weed biomass was observed in CT-F, while the lowest weed biomass was found in ZT-B followed by CT-B. In 2009, the highest grain and stover yield of soybean was recorded in CT-B but ZT-B out-yielded all other treatments from 2010 onwards. The highest gross and net returns were found in ZT-B and ZT-F during the study period. Application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha(-1) along with one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing recorded the lowest total weed density and biomass. This treatment also recorded higher grain yield but lower net returns compared to pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha(-1) + imazethapyr 0.075 kg ha(-1). Overall, application of pendimethalin as PE and imazethapyr as POE in ZT proved to be the most effective herbicide strategy for weed management in soybean leading to higher grain yield and net returns, irrespective of crop establishment practices. However, high infestation of other weeds species such as Dactyloctenium aegyptiutn (L.) Willd, Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Eieusine indica (L.) and Phyllanthus niruri (L.) in ZT is a concern. Furthermore, the possible build-up of herbicide residuals and its impact on the environment needs to be studied to devise an effective weed management strategy for soybean.
机译：保护农业的杂草管理对于获得可持续作物产量非常重要。在艾德毒素群体（L.）链路和Digera Arvensis（Forssk）以及大豆中的生产率的杂草群体评估了耕种，作物建立技术和杂草管理实践的影响。 2009 - 2012年期间的小麦系统。四个主要治疗，viz。常规耕作升降床（CT-B），常规耕作与平床（CT-F），零耕作升降床（ZT-B），以及带平床（ZT-F）的零耕作，4子治疗，viz。无需控制，Pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha（-1）作为出苗前（PE），然后在播种后30天进行一次手术（DAS）; PENDIMETHALIN 0.75 kg HA（-1）作为PE作为PE，其次是出苗后（POE）的咪唑0.075 kg HA（-1），并在分裂图设计中评价POE的咪唑0.075kg HA（-1），具有三种复制。结果表明，总杂草密度和生物量最多在第一年最大，并在第三年和第四年逐渐下降。 2009年，ZT-F记录了最高杂草密度和杂草生物量，然后是ZT-B。然而，在2012年，在CT-F中观察到最高杂草密度和杂草生物质，而在ZT-B中发现最低杂草生物质，然后在CT-B中发现。 2009年，在CT-B中记录了大豆的最高晶粒和橄榄渣产量，但ZT-B从2010年开始出现所有其他治疗。在研究期间，在ZT-B和ZT-F中发现了最高的总收益和净回报。 Pendimethalin在0.75kg ha（-1）下的应用在播种后30天的一手杂草记录了最低的总杂草密度和生物质。该处理还记录了较高的谷物产量，但与Pendimethalin相比，净返回较低0.75kg Ha（-1）+咪唑吡炔0.075kg ha（-1）。总体而言，Pendimethalin作为PE和Imazethapyr作为PoE的ZT被证明是大豆杂草管理中最有效的除草剂策略，导致粮食产量和净返回，无论作物建立做法如何。然而，对其他杂草种类的高侵染，如DACTYLOCTENIUMAEGYPTIUTN（L.）WILLD，Leptochloa Chinensis（L.）Nees，Eieusine Indega（L.）和ZT中的Phyllanthus niruri（L.）是一个问题。此外，需要研究除草剂残留物的可能积聚及其对环境的影响，以设计有效的大豆管理策略。

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