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The role of pollinators, pests and different yield components for organic and conventional white clover seed yields

机译：对有机和常规白色三叶草种子产量的粉粉，害虫和不同产量组分的作用

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A high and stable seed production of both organic and conventional white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is needed to meet market requirements. Seed yields of white clover are, however, known to vary greatly, and organic yields are often considerably lower than conventional yields. Our aim in this study was to estimate the roles of pollinators, pests and different yield components for organic and conventional white clover seed yields. We surveyed pollinators (honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees), reared the main insect pests (Protapion fulvipes Geoffroy and Hypera spp. weevils) from flowers and measured the yield components (inflorescences per area, flowers per inflorescence, seeds per flower and weight per seed) in organic, conventional untreated and conventional insecticide treated plots in 27 white clover seed fields over two years in southernmost Sweden. Unexpectedly, densities of bees other than honey bees were higher in insecticide treated plots compared to organic plots, but pollinator densities were not related to seed set. The lower pollinator visitation in organic plots might have been caused by pest damage to the flowers, as P. fulvipes and Hypera spp. weevils were more common in organic plots than in conventional insecticide treated plots. The abundances of both P. fulvipes and Hypera spp. weevils were negatively related to seed set, with P. fulvipes being most damaging for seed set. Seed yield was considerably lower (42%) in organic plots compared to conventional insecticide treated plots, and this was driven by a lower (36%) seed set. Taken together, our results indicate that pollinator densities are not limiting yields in either conventional or organic white clover seed production, whereas P. fulvipes crop damage is an important factor limiting organic yields via negative effects on seed set. Research efforts to raise white clover seed yield with minimized environmental impacts should include a focus on integrated pest management of P. fulvipes, including the development of control methods accepted in organic farming.
机译：需要高稳定的有机和常规白三叶草（Trifolium Repens L.）的种子生产来满足市场要求。然而，白三叶草的种子产量是众所周知的，并且有机产率通常远低于常规产率。我们本研究的目的是估算粉丝器，害虫和不同产量组分对有机和常规白三叶草种子产量的作用。我们调查了粉碎机（蜂蜜蜜蜂，大黄蜂和孤零零），从鲜花中饲养了主要的虫害（Protapion Fulvipes Geoffroy和Hypevils），并测量产量组分（每面积的花序，每花花序，每花和重量的种子每种种子）在南最南端的27个白三叶草种子田中有机，常规未经处理的和常规杀虫剂处理的地块。出乎意料地，与有机图相比，杀虫剂处理的蛋白质的蜜蜂之外的蜜蜂之外的蜜蜂的密度较高，但是粉丝仪密度与种子组无关。有机图中的较低的粉碎机探索可能是由于害虫损伤对花的造成伤害，如P. Fulvipes和Hypera SPP。象鼻虫在有机图中比在常规的杀虫剂处理的地块中更常见。 P. Fulvipes和Hypera SPP的丰富。象鼻虫与种子组呈负相关，P. Fulvipes对种子套装最损害。与常规杀虫剂处理的图相比，有机型杀虫剂的种子产率在有机局部具有相当较低（42％），并且这是由较低（36％）种子组驱动的。我们的结果表明，传染案密度在常规或有机白三叶草种子生产中没有限制产量，而P.Fulvipes作物损伤是通过对种子集的负面影响限制有机产率的重要因素。在最小化的环境影响中提高白三叶草种子产量的研究努力应重点关注P. Fulvipes的综合害虫管理，包括在有机耕作中接受的控制方法的发展。

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