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The molecular mechanisms of sexual orientation and gender identity

机译：性取向和性别认同的分子机制

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摘要

Differences between males and females are widely represented in nature. There are gender differences in phenotypes, personality traits, behaviors and interests, cognitive performance, and proneness to specific diseases. The most marked difference in humans is represented by sexual orientation and core gender identity, the origins of which are still controversial and far from being understood. Debates continue on whether sexual behavior and gender identity are a result of biological (nature) or cultural (nurture) factors, with biology possibly playing a major role. The main goal of this review is to summarize the studies available to date on the biological factors involved in the development of both sexual orientation and gender identity. A systematic search of published evidence was performed using Medline (from January 1948 to June 2017). Review of the relevant literature was based on authors' expertise. Indeed, different studies have documented the possible role and interaction of neuroanatomic, hormonal and genetic factors. The sexual dimorphic brain is considered the anatomical substrate of psychosexual development, on which genes and gonadal hormones may have a shaping effect. In particular, growing evidence shows that prenatal and pubertal sex hormones permanently affect human behavior. In addition, heritability studies have demonstrated a role of genetic components. However, a convincing candidate gene has not been identified. Future studies (e.i. genome wide studies) are needed to better clarify the complex interaction between genes, anatomy and hormonal influences on psychosexual development. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
机译：男性和女性之间的差异在自然界中被广泛代表。表型，人格特征，行为和兴趣，认知性能和对特定疾病的倾向存在性别差异。人类最明显的差异是由性取向和核心性别认同来代表的，其起源仍然是争议，远远不明白。辩论是否继续进行性行为和性别认同是生物学（自然）或文化（培养）因素的结果，生物学可能发挥重要作用。本综述的主要目标是总结到迄今为止涉及性取向和性别认同的生物因素的研究。使用Medline（从1948年1月至2017年6月）进行了系统搜索已发布的证据。回顾相关文献是基于作者的专业知识。实际上，不同的研究记录了神经杀菌，荷尔蒙和遗传因素的可能作用和相互作用。性二甲脑被认为是心理发育的解剖学基质，基因和性腺激素可能具有成形效果。特别是，日益增长的证据表明，产前和青春期性爱激素永久影响人类行为。此外，遗传性研究表明了遗传成分的作用。然而，尚未确定令人信服的候选基因。需要未来的研究（E.I.基因组研究）以更好地阐明基因之间的复杂相互作用对心理发育的复杂相互作用。 （c）2017年由elsevier爱尔兰有限公司出版

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