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How to study sex differences in addiction using animal models

机译：如何使用动物模型研究成瘾中的性别差异

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The importance of studying sex as a biological variable in biomedical research is becoming increasingly apparent. There is a particular need in preclinical studies of addiction to include both sexes, as female animals are often excluded from studies, leaving large gaps in our knowledge of not only sex differences and potential prevention and treatment strategies but also with regard to the basic neurobiology of addiction. This review focuses on methodology that has been developed in preclinical studies to examine sex differences in the behavioral aspects and neurobiological mechanisms related to addiction across the full range of the addiction process, including initiation (acquisition), maintenance, escalation, withdrawal, relapse to drug seeking and treatment. This review also discusses strategic and technical issues that need to be considered when comparing females and males, including the role of ovarian hormones and how sex differences interact with other major vulnerability factors in addiction, such as impulsivity, compulsivity and age (adolescent versus adult). Novel treatments for addiction are also discussed, such as competing non-drug rewards, repurposed medications such as progesterone and treatment combinations. Practical aspects of conducting research comparing female and male animals are also considered. Making sex differences a point of examination requires additional effort and consideration; however, such studies are necessary given mounting evidence demonstrating that the addiction process occurs differently in males and females. These studies should lead to a better understanding of individual differences in the development of addiction and effective treatments for males and females.
机译：在生物医学研究中，将性别作为生物变量进行研究的重要性越来越明显。在成瘾的临床前研究中特别需要包括性别，因为雌性动物经常被排除在研究之外，这不仅使我们对性别差异和潜在的预防和治疗策略的了解还与人类的基本神经生物学存在很大差距。瘾。这篇综述着重于临床前研究中开发的方法，以研究与成瘾有关的行为方面的性别差异以及在成瘾过程的整个范围内与成瘾有关的神经生物学机制，包括开始（获取），维持，升级，戒断，药物复发寻求和治疗。这篇评论还讨论了在比较男性和女性时需要考虑的战略和技术问题，包括卵巢激素的作用以及性别差异如何与成瘾的其他主要易感性因素相互作用，例如冲动性，强迫性和年龄（青少年与成人） 。还讨论了新的成瘾疗法，例如竞争性非药物奖励，重新定位的药物（如孕酮）和治疗组合。还考虑了进行雌雄动物比较研究的实践方面。将性别差异作为检查的重点需要更多的努力和考虑;但是，鉴于越来越多的证据表明成瘾过程在男性和女性中发生的方式不同，此类研究是必要的。这些研究应使人们更好地了解成瘾发展中的个体差异以及对男性和女性的有效治疗方法。

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