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Aluminum in liver cells - the element species matters

机译:肝细胞中的铝 - 元素物种问题

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Aluminum (Al) can be ingested from food and released from packaging and can reach key organs involved in human metabolism, including the liver via systemic distribution. Recent studies discuss the occurrence of chemically distinct Al-species and their interconversion by contact with biological fluids. These Al species can vary with regard to their intestinal uptake, systemic transport, and therefore could have species-specific effects on different organs and tissues. This work aims to assess the in vitro hepatotoxic hazard potential of three different relevant Al species: soluble AlCl3 and two nanoparticulate Al species were applied, representing for the first time an investigation of metallic nanoparticles besides to mineral bound gamma-Al2O3 on hepatic cell lines. To investigate the uptake and toxicological properties of the Al species, we used two different human hepatic cell lines: HepG2 and differentiated HepaRG cells. Cellular uptake was determined by different methods including light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, side-scatter analysis, and elemental analysis. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death mechanisms, and DNA damage were monitored as cellular parameters. While cellular uptake into hepatic cell lines occurred predominantly in the particle form, only ionic AlCl3 caused cellular effects. Since it is known, that Al species can convert one into another, and mechanisms including 'trojan-horse'-like uptake can lead to an Al accumulation in the cells. This could result in the slow release of Al ions, for which reason further hazard cannot be excluded. Therefore, individual investigation of the different Al species is necessary to assess the toxicological potential of Al particles.
机译:铝(Al)可以从食物中摄取并从包装中释放,并且可以达到参与人类代谢的关键器官,包括通过全身分布在内的肝脏。最近的研究探讨了通过与生物流体接触的化学不同的Al物种及其互连的发生。这些Al物种在其肠道吸收,全身运输方面可以不同,因此可以对不同器官和组织产生种类特异性影响。这项工作旨在评估三种不同相关AL种类的体外肝毒性危害潜力:可溶性ALCL3和两个纳米颗粒Al物种,首次表示除了肝细胞系上矿物纳米颗粒的金属纳米颗粒的研究。为了研究Al物种的摄取和毒理学性质,我们使用了两种不同的人类肝细胞系:HepG2和分化的肝细胞。通过不同的方法确定细胞吸收,包括光学显微镜,透射电子显微镜,侧面散射分析和元素分析。监测氧化应激,线粒体功能障碍,细胞死亡机制和DNA损伤作为细胞参数。虽然蜂窝摄取到肝细胞系主要在颗粒形式中发生,但仅导致蜂窝效果的离子All 3。由于已知,Al物种可以将一个转换为另一个,并且包括'特洛伊木马的吸收的机制可以导致细胞中的Al积累。这可能导致Al离子的缓慢释放,因为无法排除进一步危害的原因。因此,需要对不同Al物种进行各自的研究以评估Al颗粒的毒理学潜力。

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