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Genetic and Environmental Architecture of Executive Functions in Midlife

机译：中期行政职能的遗传与环境建筑

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Objective: Research on executive functions (EFs) has revealed evidence for general abilities that underlie performance across multiple EF tasks and domains. This Common EF factor is highly stable in adolescence through young adulthood, correlates with other important cognitive abilities, and is explained largely by genetic influences. However, little is known about Common EF beyond young adulthood. This study examines 3 hypotheses regarding the latent structure, genetic/environmental etiology, and cognitive correlates of Common EF in middle age. Method: We examined data from 1,284 middle-aged twins (51-60 years) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging who completed 7 neuropsychological measures of EFs, as well as measures of general cognitive ability and processing speed. Results: Our confirmatory factor analysis indicated that Common EF explained variation across all 7 EF tasks. Inhibition and shifting were subsumed entirely under the Common EF factor, and there was an additional working memory span-specific factor. Common EF was heritable in midlife (a(2) = .46), with additional evidence for both shared environmental influences (c(2) = .41) and nonshared environmental influences (e(2) = .13). Higher Common EF was moderately associated with higher general cognitive ability, measured both in early adulthood and midlife, and faster processing speed in midlife. These correlations were primarily driven by shared genetic influences. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that Common EF captures similar EF abilities in midlife as in adolescence and young adulthood. However, environmental influences may explain a larger portion of variance in this construct as individuals age.
机译：目的：执行职能（EFS）的研究揭示了跨越多个EF任务和领域的表现的普遍能力的证据。这种常见的EF因子在青春期高度稳定通过年轻成年，与其他重要的认知能力相关，并且主要通过遗传影响来解释。然而，对于超越年轻人的普通EF，众所周知。本研究研究了潜在结构，遗传/环境病因和中年常见EF的认知相关性的3个假设。方法：我们在越南的越南双胞胎研究中检查了1,284名中年双胞胎（51-60岁）的数据，他已经完成了7种神经心理学措施的老化，以及一般认知能力和加工速度的措施。结果：我们的确认因素分析表明，普通的EF解释了所有7个EF任务的变化。抑制和移位完全在常见的EF因子下括起来，并且存在额外的工作记忆跨度特异性因子。常见的EF在中期地区（a（2）= .46）是可遗传的，具有共同环境影响的额外证据（C（2）= .41）和非洲环境影响（E（2）= .13）。较高的常见EF与较高的一般认知能力相比，在成年早期和中期地区测量，以及中期的加工速度更快。这些相关性主要由共同的遗传影响驱动。结论：这些结果支持普通EF捕获中期捕获与青春期和青年成年期相似的EF能力的假设。然而，环境影响可以解释这种构造的较大部分变化作为个体年龄。

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