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Sex-Based Differences in Affective and Cognitive Empathy Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

机译：严重创伤性脑损伤后情感和认知同理心的性差异

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Objective: To examine sex differences in self-ratings for affective and cognitive empathy for males and females with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and compare these to observer ratings. Method: Self and observer (e.g., spouse) ratings of affective and cognitive empathy were obtained for 160 participants (116 males) with severe TBI, using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Empathic Concern (EC) and Perspective Taking (PT) subscales, respectively. Results: When compared to sex norms, female self-ratings were significantly lower for both subscales, whereas men's self-report ratings were only lower for PT. For EC, more women (44%) were found to be substantially below the normative means (= 2 SDs) than men (17%), p .001. When comparing women and men with TBI, self-report and observer ratings indicated both sexes had similar empathy levels (both subscales). Self versus observer ratings showed that women's self-ratings were significantly higher than observer's ratings on PT (p .001); men's self-ratings were significantly higher than observer's ratings on PT (p .001) and EC (p = .009). Conclusions: In contrast to the typically observed superior female empathy, this study suggests this advantage may disappear after a TBI, and possibly result in a disadvantage compared to their uninjured female peers. Theoretical implications of self-awareness and cultural gender expectations for empathy are discussed.
机译：目的：探讨男性和女性对血液损伤（TBI）的情感和女性的自我评级性的性别差异，并将这些与观察者评分进行比较。方法：使用人际关系反应性指数分别关注（EC）和观点（Pt）分量分别获得了160名参与者（116名男性）的160名参与者（116名男性）的160名参与者（116名男性）和观察者（116名男性）的评级。结果：与性规范相比，两种分量器的女性自我评级显着降低，而男性的自我报告评级只能降低PT。对于EC，发现更多女性（44％）基本上低于规范性方式（＆ = 2 SDS），而不是男性（17％），P＆ .001。在将女性和男性与TBI进行比较时，自我报告和观察者评估表明，两性都有类似的同情水平（两种分量表）。自我与观察者评级表明，女性的自我评级显着高于观察者对Pt的评分（P＆ .001）;男性的自我评级显着高于观察者对Pt（P＆LT; .001）和EC（P = .009）的评级。结论：与典型观察到的优越女性同理心相比，这项研究表明，在TBI之后，这一优势可能会消失，并且与他们未受吸收的女同性相比，可能导致缺点。讨论了自我意识和文化性别期望对同理心的理论影响。

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