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Effectiveness and equity of Payments for Ecosystem Services: Real-effort experiments with Vietnamese land users

机译：生态系统服务支付的有效性与公平：越南土地用户的实际努力实验

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摘要

Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are widespread in conservation policy. In PES, environmental effectiveness and social equity are often perceived as conflicting goals. Empirical studies on the relationship between popular design features, such as payment differentiation and payment conditionality, and effectiveness and equity are scarce. Further, they struggle with measuring and separating ecological and equity outcomes. In this study, we combine two incentivized lab-in-the-field experiments with 259 land users from eight villages in North-Western Vietnam to assess both individual conservation effort and community-level equity perceptions under four different PES designs. Effort is measured in a real-effort task with real-world environmental benefits; equity perceptions about payment designs in the real-effort task are measured in a coordination game. We demonstrate that payment design affects both effort and equity perceptions. Payments which are differentiated and are solely conditional on individuals' contributions of effort are perceived as most equitable. They are also more effective in motivating conservation effort than other designs, although the differences are small and not significant for all comparisons. By working out the positive correlation of effectiveness and equity across the four payment schemes, we show that these objectives are not necessarily conflicting goals in incentive-based conservation policy. Further, we can show that women exert greater conservation efforts. We discuss how greater equity and effectiveness could be achieved with reforms towards more input-based distribution criteria in Vietnam's PES legislation and the limitations and opportunities of the experimental paradigm for research on PES.
机译：为生态系统服务（PES）的付款是保护政策的普遍存在。在PES，环境效率和社会公平往往被认为是相互矛盾的目标。对流行设计特征关系的实证研究，如支付分化和支付条件，有效和股权都是稀缺的。此外，他们挣扎着测量和分离生态和公平结果。在这项研究中，我们将两个激励的实地实验与来自越南西北南部八个村庄的259名土地用户相结合，以评估四种不同PES设计下的个人保护努力和社区级股权感知。努力在实际努力的任务中衡量，具有现实世界的环境效益;在协调比赛中衡量了关于实际任务中付款设计的股权观念。我们证明支付设计影响努力和股权感知。对个人努力贡献的差异化的付款被认为是最公平的。它们在激励节约努力方面也更有效，尽管差异很小，但所有比较都没有意义。通过解决四个支付计划中有效性和权益的正相关性，我们表明，这些目标不一定在激励的保护政策中的目标不一定。此外，我们可以表明女性发挥更大的保护努力。我们讨论了越南PES立法的更多基于输入的分销标准以及实验范式对PES的实验范式的限制和机遇，如何实现更大的股权和有效性。

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