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The spatial aspect of ecosystem services balance and its determinants

机译：生态系统服务平衡及其决定因素的空间方面

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Globally, the balance of ecosystem services in urban agglomerations is increasingly influenced by coupled human and natural systems. Studying the balance of ecosystem services has been an essential part of research into global environmental change and sustainable development. However, the existing literature lacks research about the spatial dependence and spatial spillover effects of the ecosystem services balance; this reduces the effectiveness of formulating and implementing ecosystem conservation and land use policies, especially in developing countries. In this study, we attempt to fill this gap in the literature by examining the geographic variations and spatial determinants of the ecosystem services balance with an integrated spatial panel approach in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomerations (MRYRUA), China. Land use/land cover change data derived from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper are employed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution features of landscape pattern and the supply, demand, and balance of ecosystem services with landscape pattern metrics and a revised ecosystem services matrix method in the MRYRUA from 1995 to 2015. The results indicate that construction land in the MRYRUA increases continuously, while farmland decreases during that time. Counties with higher indices of ecosystem services supply and balance are concentrated primarily in mountainous areas, while indices of ecosystem services demand in the three smaller urban agglomerations, plains areas, surrounding counties of major cities, and along major traffic routes are higher. Spatial dependence and spatial spillover effects of the ecosystem services balance index are observed in the MRYRUA. Population density and road density are negatively associated with an ecosystem services balance. Landscape pattern metrics are also statistically significant-either positive or negative. Our findings suggest that the driving forces as well as the spillover effects should be taken into consideration in integrative ecosystem management and land use sustainability measures in urban agglomerations. These findings have important implications for urban planning and decision-making related to development and ecosystem services.
机译：在全球范围内，城市凝聚量的生态系统服务的平衡越来越受到人类和自然系统的影响。研究生态系统服务的平衡一直是全球环境变革和可持续发展研究的重要组成部分。然而，现有文献缺乏关于生态系统服务平衡的空间依赖和空间溢出效应的研究;这降低了制定和实施生态系统保护和土地利用政策的有效性，特别是在发展中国家。在这项研究中，我们试图通过在中国长江城市集群（Mryrua）中间的综合空间面板方法中，通过检查生态系统服务平衡的地理变化和空间决定因素来填补文献中的这种差距。源自Landsat增强专题映射器的土地使用/陆地覆盖变化数据用于分析景观模式的时空演化特征以及带有景观模式指标的生态系统服务的供应，需求和平衡，以及Mryrua的修订后的生态系统服务矩阵方法从1995年到2015年。结果表明，Mryrua的建设用地不断增加，而农田在此期间减少。具有更高的生态系统服务和平衡指数的县主要集中在山区，而生态系统服务需求的指数在三个较小的城市集中，平原地区，主要城市周围县，沿着主要的交通路线较高。在Mryrua中观察到生态系统服务平衡指数的空间依赖性和空间溢出效应。人口密度和道路密度与生态系统服务平衡负相关。景观模式度量在统计学上显着 - 是正面或负面的。我们的研究结果表明，在城市集群中综合生态系统管理和土地利用可持续发展措施中，应考虑驱动力以及溢出效应。这些调查结果对城市规划和与发展和生态系统服务有关的决策具有重要意义。

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