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A method for the reintroduction of entire benthic invertebrate communities in formerly degraded streams

机译：一种方法，用于重新引入以前退化的流中的整个底栖无脊椎动物群落

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摘要

Reintroduction is a commonly used tool in wildlife conservation. Although freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened worldwide, reintroduction of entire benthic invertebrate communities have never been reported before. Here, for the first time, we developed a comprehensive method for the reintroduction of entire communities in formerly degraded streams that describes the selection of donor and recipient streams, the transfer of specimens, mortality rates, and a monitoring scheme. The stream selection procedure of the new method is based on widely available environmental variables and richness metrics that are regularly monitored by water authorities to fulfill the requirements of water policy frameworks (e.g. EU WFD). The sampling and transfer of specimens is also based on common and simply applicable methods (i.e. kick sampling). For each recipient stream, three donor streams were selected with a complementary set of reference species missing at the recipient stream. The sampling at each donor stream was done six times a year to cover different seasons and life stages. We applied our method to one stream (10 km(2)) and one river (1608 km(2)) in central Germany. In total, we transferred 325,197 and 401,233 specimens from three different donor streams, including 45 (28,682 specimens) and 50 (47,716 specimens) missing reference taxa into each recipient stream and river, respectively. Average mortality rates varied between 0.97% for all specimens and 1.72% for reference specimens. We recommend a post-reintroduction monitoring that includes new methods, i.e. environmental DNA and high throughput sequencing. Our proposed reintroduction method is based on commonly used variables, metrics and sampling techniques. Accordingly, this method requires only minor modifications to become applicable in other countries. The simultaneous reintroduction of a large number of reference taxa will increase the likelihood to reestablish near-natural benthic invertebrate communiti
机译：重新引入是野生动物保护中常用的工具。虽然淡水生态系统是全世界最受威胁的，但以前从未报告过整个底栖无脊椎动物社区的重新引入。在此，我们首次开发了一种综合方法，用于在以前退化的流中重新引入整个社区的综合方法，该流是描述了捐赠者和受体流的选择，标本的转移，死亡率和监测方案。新方法的流选择程序基于广泛可用的环境变量和丰富度量，经常被水当局监控，以满足水政策框架的要求（例如欧盟WFD）。样本的采样和转移也是基于常见的和简单的适用方法（即踢取样）。对于每个受体流，选择三个供体流，在接收者流中缺少一组互补的参考物种。每次捐赠物流的抽样量每年六次达到不同的季节和生命阶段。我们将我们的方法应用于一条溪流（10公里（2））和一条河（1608公里（2））。总共转移了325,197和401,233个标本，其中来自三种不同的供体流，包括45（28,622个）和50（47,716个标本）分别缺少参考分类群，进入每个受援流和河流。所有标本的平均死亡率在0.97％之间为0.97％，参考标本的1.72％。我们建议重新引入监测，包括新方法，即环境DNA和高通量测序。我们建议的重新引入方法基于常用的变量，指标和采样技术。因此，该方法仅需要进行微小的修改，以适用于其他国家。同时重新引入大量参考分类群将增加重建近乎自然底栖无脊椎动物的可能性

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