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RESTING CYSTS FROM COASTAL MARINE PLANKTON

机译：从沿海海洋浮游生物休息囊肿

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Coastal plankton show fluctuations in abundance and species composition. Resting stage (cyst) production is a common strategy adopted by hundreds of plankton species to ensure reproduction and to avoid adverse conditions. During the resting period, these species are normally absent from the water column, and cysts produced in the plankton accumulate in the sediment where they wait for the return of suitable conditions. A portion of the cyst bank does not hatch, instead undergoing a dormancy that may extend for decades. Confined coastal areas accumulate cysts in sediment due to one or more possibilities, including reduced water movement/hydrodynamics, high population density, abundance of cyst-producing species, and the absence or scarcity of possible cyst consumers in the benthos. The pelagic-benthic nexus, which affects both the sediment and the water column (and possibly sea ice) is still poorly understood. In fact, the presence of cysts in the life cycle of organisms is likely to have considerable consequences for the ecology of coastal plankton, as well as the evolution and biogeography of species. This review aims to depict the presence (and even abundance) of resting stages in marine environments and their impact on ecosystem functioning. The review starts with a description of encysted resting stages in all marine planktonic taxa, listing a total of 501 species with known cysts, and methods and tools for their collection and study. The physiology and timing of the rest period is then described for various taxa, followed by a discussion of the evolutionary implications of resting. The presence of encysted stages in different realms and phyla of plankton suggests an ancient origin and a successive diversification of morphologies that, today, roughly characterise each taxa. Ecological and biogeographical implications stem from this general framework and support the hypothesis of seasonal occurrences of planktonic life in ecosystems where productivity is suspended for a long time (e.g. in polar seas). The potential to suspend or resume life has implications for human activities, such as the risk of translocations through ship ballast water and contamination of water and seafood with toxins but also the benefit of cysts for the production of aquaculture feed. The review concludes with perspectives on present knowledge and outstanding questions to address in future studies.
机译：沿海浮游生物显示丰富和物种组成的波动。休息阶段（囊肿）生产是数百个浮游生物种类的共同策略，以确保生殖并避免不利条件。在休息期间，这些物种通常不存在水柱，并且在浮游生物中产生的囊肿积聚在沉积物中，在那里他们等待返回合适的条件。囊肿库的一部分不孵化，而是经历了几十年可能延伸的休眠。被限制的沿海地区由于一种或多种可能性而累积沉积物中的囊肿，包括减少水运动/流体动力学，高人口密度，囊肿的种类，囊肿可能的囊肿消费者的缺失或稀缺。胸腺底栖的Nexus，影响沉积物和水柱（以及可能的海冰）仍然很差。事实上，生物生命周期中囊肿的存在可能对沿海浮游生物的生态以及物种的演化和生物地理产生相当大的后果。该审查旨在描绘海洋环境中休息阶段的存在（甚至丰富）及其对生态系统功能的影响。审查开始于所有海洋浮游动物群中的Endysted休息阶段的描述，列出了共有501种具有已知囊肿的物种，以及用于其收集和研究的方法和工具。然后针对各种分类群描述休息时间的生理学和时序，然后讨论休息的进化意义。普拉克顿不同领域和Phyn的常规阶段的存在表明，古代起源和连续多样化的形态，今天，大致表征每个分类群。生态和生物地图影响源于这一总体框架，支持生态系统中浮游生物寿命的季节性发生假设，其中生产率暂停了很长时间（例如，在Polar Sear）。暂停或恢复生命的潜力对人类活动有影响，例如通过船舶压载水和水和海鲜污染的岩石和海鲜的风险，但也是囊肿的囊肿用于生产水产养殖饲料。审查结束于目前的知识和未来研究中的出色问题的观点结束。

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