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首页> 外文期刊>Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review >CONSEQUENCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN THE SENSORY LANDSCAPE OF MARINE ANIMALS
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CONSEQUENCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGES IN THE SENSORY LANDSCAPE OF MARINE ANIMALS

机译：人为变化在海洋动物感官景观中的后果

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Human activities are altering a wide range of key marine cues at local and global scales, and it is important to know how animals may respond. Species survival and performance depend on the ability of individuals to successfully extract and interpret information from their environment about preferred abiotic conditions and the presence of prey, predators, competitors, mates and suitable habitats. Such information is made available via a wide range of abiotic and biotic cues that can be detected by organisms through various sensory modalities. Global anthropogenic changes, however, are rapidly altering the sensory landscape ('cuescape') and behaviour of animals by modifying the production, transmission and interpretation of critical natural cues, as well as introducing novel anthropogenic cues. To date, most studies have focussed on how animals respond to such changes rather than investigating how the cues themselves are changing. Because the responses that individuals show ultimately depend on factors affecting both the generation and reception of cues, better integration is needed to understand how these factors ultimately affect individual performance. This review provides a holistic assessment of how multiple cues (e.g. sounds, visual cues, chemicals, salinity, temperature and electromagnetism) are being altered at different spatial and temporal scales in marine habitats. Natural cuescapes are being modified by humans and novel anthropogenic cues are being introduced into the ocean, both of which can directly and indirectly alter the diversity and strength of natural cues. Examples are provided of how species might respond to such changes, focussing on what coping and adaptation mechanisms are available for species to persist in a future ocean. While `sensory generalist' species may prevail in marine environments with diminishing or masked natural cues, some `sensory specialists' might sustain themselves via sensory compensation, behavioural plasticity or avoidance of detrimental cues in the short term, or via genetic adaptation in the longer term. Due to the rapid loss of natural cuescapes, alternative research agendas are needed to monitor and measure multicue changes throughout the oceans. Together with mechanistic and field studies of animal responses, such research can inform management by identifying the species most at risk and the areas that may be suitable for cuescape preservation.
机译：人类活动正在在当地和全球范围内改变各种关键海洋线索，重要的是要知道动物如何回应。物种生存和性能取决于个人成功提取和解释其环境中的信息的能力，以及猎物，捕食者，竞争对手，伴侣和合适的栖息地的存在。这些信息通过各种非生物和生物提示提供，可以通过各种感官模态检测的生物体。然而，全球人为的变化正在迅速改变感官景观（'CueScape'）和动物的行为来改变危急自然提示的生产，传播和解释，以及引入新的人为提示。迄今为止，大多数研究都集中了对动物如何应对这些变化，而不是调查如何如何变化。因为个人表现出最终依赖影响提示的产生和接收的因素，所以需要更好地整合来了解这些因素最终会影响个人性能。本综述提供了对多个提示（例如声音，视觉提示，化学品，盐度，温度和电磁）在海洋栖息地的不同空间和时间尺度上改变的全面评估。通过人类修饰天然丘焦，人类和新的人为线索被引入海洋中，两者都可以直接和间接地改变自然线索的多样性和强度。提供了物种如何响应这些变化的例子，重点是在未来的海洋中可持续地存在的应对和适应机制。虽然“感官通用主义物种在海洋环境中可以在越来越多的自然提示中占上风，但一些”感官专家“可能通过感官补偿，行为可塑性或避免短期内的有害性提示，或者在长期内通过基因适应来维持自己。由于天然丘焦的迅速丧失，需要替代研究议程来监测和测量整个海洋中的多个变化。与动物反应的机械和田间研究一起，这些研究可以通过鉴定风险最大的物种和可能适用于Cuescape保存的地区来告知管理。

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