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首页> 外文期刊>Oecologia >Northward expanding resident species benefit from warming winters through increased foraging rates and predator vigilance
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Northward expanding resident species benefit from warming winters through increased foraging rates and predator vigilance

机译：向北扩大居民物种通过增加的觅食率和捕食者警惕，从温暖的冬季受益

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Species distributions shift northwards due to climate change, but the ecological mechanisms allowing range expansions are not fully understood. Most studies have concentrated on breeding seasons, but winter warming may also be important. Wintering distributions are restricted by food availability and temperature, which may also interact. Foraging in cold conditions requires adaptations as individuals have to be efficient in foraging, while staying warm and vigilant for predators. When the ambient temperature declines, foraging rates should be reduced due to increased time spent on warming behaviours. In addition, predator vigilance should decline, because more time has to be invested in foraging. Cold weather should limit northward expanding southern species in particular, while northern species should perform better in cold conditions. We tested this by studying temperature responses (between 0 and -35 degrees C) among wintering birds at feeders. We compared foraging behaviours of two northward expanding southern species, the great tit (Parus major) and the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) to a northern species, the willow tit (Poecile montanus). Foraging rate and vigilance decreased, and warming behaviour increased when temperatures declined. Importantly, the performance in these traits was poorer in the southern species compared to the willow tit. Furthermore, the response to decreasing temperatures in foraging rates and warming behaviour was stronger in the great tits than willow tits. As the winters become warmer, these mechanisms should increase wintering success of southern species wintering at high latitudes, and lead to higher survival, increased populationgrowth, and consequent range expansion.
机译：物种分布由于气候变化，北向北转移，但允许范围扩展的生态机制尚未完全理解。大多数研究都集中在繁殖季节上，但冬季变暖也可能很重要。越冬分布受到食物可用性和温度的限制，也可能相互作用。在寒冷条件下觅食需要适应，因为个人必须有效地觅食，同时保持捕食者的温暖和警惕。当环境温度下降时，由于在加热行为上花费的时间增加，应降低觅食率。此外，捕食者警惕应该下降，因为更多的时间必须投入觅食。寒冷的天气应特别限制向北扩大南方物种，而北部物种在寒冷条件下也应更好。我们通过在进料器的越冬鸟类中研究温度响应（0至-35摄氏度）来测试这一点。比较了两种向北扩大南方物种的行为，伟大的山雀（Parus Major）和Blue Tin（Cyanistes Caeruleus）到北部物种，柳树山雀（Poecile Montanus）。觅食率和警惕减少，当温度下降时，温暖行为增加。重要的是，与柳树山雀相比，这些特征的性能较差。此外，在较大的山雀中，对觅食率和变暖行为的降低温度的反应比柳树山雀更强。随着冬季变暖，这些机制应该增加南部物种在高纬度越冬的越冬成功，并导致较高的存活，增加人民生产，随之而来的范围扩张。

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