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Electrodialysis of highly concentrated brines: Effects of calcium

机译：高度浓缩盐水的电渗析：钙的影响

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Electrodialysis (ED) is an electrochemically driven membrane technology that is usually used for treating feed water containing several thousand mg/l total dissolved solids (TDS). This research investigated the use of ED for the treatment of flowback water from shale gas hydro fracture. Shale brines contain tens of thousands of mg/l TDS and contain a mixture of multivalent cations, such as calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, radium, iron, and manganese. This paper covers efforts undertaken to mitigate problems associated with high concentrations of calcium (4000 mg/l) in the presence of 30,000 mg/l NaCl. Eight baseline ED tests were performed with sodium chloride. Seven additional runs were designed to understand the effect of calcium on the electrodialysis process. Initial tests showed strong incursion of calcium into the electrolyte using a CMX barrier membrane. The apparent calcium fouling (in and around) the electrode cells was indicated by a rapid degradation of process efficiency, observed as a decrease in current. The single cathode boundary membrane was replaced with a membrane that was more selective against multivalent cations (CMX-S). Calcium flux into the electrolyte was reduced by 47-73% and the ion flux from the concentrate to the diluate improved by approximately 40% compared to the baseline. Additionally, the replacement of the single cathode boundary membrane imparted an apparent immunity to direct fouling by addition of calcium directly into the electrolyte. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：电渗析（ED）是一种电化学驱动的膜技术，其通常用于治疗含有数千毫克/升总溶解固体（TDS）的饲料水。本研究调查了ED用于处理来自页岩气骨折的流量水。页岩盐水包含成千上万的Mg / L TDS，含有多价阳离子的混合物，如钙，镁，钡，锶，镭，铁和锰。本文涵盖了在30,000mg / L NaCl存在下减轻与高浓度钙（4000mg / L）相关的问题的努力。用氯化钠进行8个基线ED测试。七个额外的运行旨在了解钙对电渗析过程的影响。使用CMX屏障膜，初始试验显示出强烈的钙入侵电解质中的钙。通过快速降解工艺效率的快速降解表示明显的钙污垢（内和周围），观察到作为电流的降低。用更含有对多价阳离子（CMX-S）更具选择性的膜替换单个阴极边界膜。与基线相比，电解质进入电解质中的钙通量减少47-73％，离子通量从浓缩物中的离子通量提高约40％。另外，单个阴极边界膜的替代赋予表观抗扰度，通过将钙直接进入电解质来直接污染。 （c）2016年Elsevier B.v.保留所有权利。

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