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首页> 外文期刊>Agrochemia >The effect of N and P application on the yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus tinnuus,L.)
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The effect of N and P application on the yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus tinnuus,L.)

机译：氮，磷施用量对向日葵产量和品质的影响

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Annual sunflower belongs to a group of European strategic plants. Europe contributes to the worldwide production of sunflower seed and oil by 61.6 and 57.8%, respectively (1). The area under sunflower shows a long-term growing trend and sunflower hasbecome a major crop in crop rotations used by farmers. Among the main reasons contributing to the expansion of this heat-loving oil plant (2, 3, 4) are climate changes in Europe and worldwide. However, yield-per-hectare stagnation poses a problem for thegrowing of sunflower, which is the world's fifth most important oil plant. The average yield of sunflower seed in Europe was 1.32 tonnes per hectare (1) in the period from 1985 to 2008 although the genetic potential of sunflower enables the yield to reach 5.0 tonnes per hectare. Improvement in the yield could be achieved by using newly-developed, more productive varieties and hybrids in crop rotation while adopting basic agrotechnological measures (plant nutrition ensured by a reasonable application offertilizers to increase the pool of nutrients in the soil) and Dreventina their adverse imnant on thf? sustainabilitv nfthe agricultural production system. A well-balanced pool of nutrients in the soil is one of the basic prerequisites for cost-effective yields and high quality. Nitrogen as a limiting factor affecting the production of sunflower plays an essential role inplant metabolism (2, 5). Nitrogen fertilization contributes particularly to the production of biomass (6, 7, 8), improves the yield of achenes, and increases the production of oil (4, 5, 9, 10, 11). Nitrogen as an essential nutrient participates in protein biosynthesis (12). It is an important component of chlorophyll, participates in the metabolism of vitamins and various biocatalytic substances. In some soils, the content of phosphorus can also be a limiting factor with regard to the yield (2). Phosphorus is present in phospholipids, phosphorylated saccharides and peptides, nucleic acids, adenylates (NAD+, NADP+) and compounds such as ADP and ATP. It participates in metabolic processes associated with signal transmission, energy utilization and conversion (13, 14). Both nutrients participate in the metabolism of plant enzymes that play a key role in lipid metabolism and catalyze reactions from "acetyl coenzyme A" up to final products. Esters of glycerol and fatty acids are the most common plant lipids (15).
机译：一年生向日葵属于一组欧洲战略工厂。欧洲对全世界葵花籽和油的产量分别贡献了61.6和57.8％（1）。向日葵下的地区显示出长期的增长趋势，向日葵已成为农民轮作的主要作物。欧洲和世界范围内的气候变化是促成这个热力石油工厂（2、3、4）扩张的主要原因之一。但是，每公顷产量的停滞给向日葵的种植带来了麻烦，向日葵是世界第五大最重要的植物。 1985年至2008年期间，欧洲向日葵种子的平均产量为1.32吨/公顷（1），尽管向日葵的遗传潜力使产量达到每公顷5.0吨。可以通过在作物轮作中使用新近开发的，生产效率更高的品种和杂种，同时采取基本的农业技术措施（通过合理使用肥料来确保植物营养，以增加土壤中的养分含量）和Dreventina的不利影响来提高产量。在吗？农业生产系统的可持续性。土壤中养分平衡良好是高成本效益和高质量的基本前提之一。氮作为限制向日葵产量的限制因子，在植物代谢中起着至关重要的作用（2、5）。氮肥特别有助于生物质的产生（6、7、8），提高瘦果的产量并增加油脂的产生（4、5、9、10、11）。氮作为必需营养素参与蛋白质的生物合成（12）。它是叶绿素的重要组成部分，参与维生素和各种生物催化物质的代谢。在某些土壤中，磷的含量也可能是产量的限制因素（2）。磷存在于磷脂，磷酸化的糖和肽，核酸，腺苷酸（NAD +，NADP +）和化合物（例如ADP和ATP）中。它参与与信号传输，能量利用和转换相关的代谢过程（13、14）。两种营养素都参与植物酶的代谢，这些酶在脂质代谢中起关键作用，并催化从“乙酰辅酶A”到最终产物的反应。甘油和脂肪酸酯是最常见的植物脂质（15）。

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