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首页> 外文期刊>Surveys in Geophysics: An International Review Journal of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences >Climatology of Transient Luminous Events and Lightning Observed Above Europe and the Mediterranean Sea
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Climatology of Transient Luminous Events and Lightning Observed Above Europe and the Mediterranean Sea

机译：在欧洲和地中海观察到瞬态发光事件和闪电的气候学

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In 1999, the first sprites were observed above European thunderstorms using sensitive cameras. Since then, Eurosprite campaigns have been conducted to observe sprites and other transient luminous events (TLEs), expanding into a network covering large parts of Europe and coastal areas. In 2009 through 2013, the number of optical observations of TLEs reached a peak of 2000 per year. Because of this unprecedented number of European observations, it was possible to construct a climatology of 8394 TLEs observed above 1018 thunderstorm systems and study for the first time their distribution and seasonal cycle above Europe and parts of the Mediterranean Sea. The number of TLEs per thunderstorm was found to follow a power law, with less than 10 TLEs for 801 thunderstorms and up to 195 TLEs above the most prolific one. The majority of TLEs were classified as sprites, 641 elves, 280 halos, 70 upward lightning, 2 blue jets and 1 gigantic jet. The climatology shows intense TLE activity during summer over continental areas and in late autumn over coastal areas and sea. The two seasons peak, respectively, in August and November, separated by March and April with almost no TLEs, and a relative minimum around September. The observed TLE activity, i.e. mostly sprites, is shown to be largely consistent with lightning activity, with a 1/1000 of observed TLE-to-lightning ratio in regions with most observations. The overall behaviour is consistent among individual years, making the observed seasonal cycle a robust general feature of TLE activity above Europe.
机译：1999年，使用敏感摄像头观察到欧洲雷暴上面的第一个精灵。从那时起，已经进行了欧洲普罗茨广场，以观察精灵和其他瞬态发光事件（TLES），扩展到覆盖欧洲大部分地区和沿海地区的网络。在2009年至2013年，TLES的光学观测的数量达到每年2000的峰值。由于这种前所未有的欧洲观察，因此可以构建8394个TLES以上观察到的8394个TLES的气候学，并在欧洲和地中海的季节和季节性周期首次进行研究。发现每雷暴的特拉斯人数遵循权力法，801次雷暴，最高可达195岁的雷岭，最多可达195个。大多数TLES被归类为精灵，641颗精灵，280卤，70个向上闪电，2个蓝色喷气机和1个巨大的喷射。气候学在夏季，在大陆地区和沿海地区和海洋深秋天的夏季出现了激烈的TLE活动。两个赛季峰值分别于8月和11月，于3月和4月分开，几乎没有小幅，和9月左右的相对最少。观察到的TLE活性，即，大多是精灵，在很大程度上与雷电活动一致，具有大多数观测区域的区域中观察到的TLE对闪电比例。整体行为在个人年份中是一致的，使观察到的季节周期成为欧洲上方的TLE活动的强大一般特征。

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