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>Extinction vs. Rapid Radiation: The Juxtaposed Evolutionary Histories of Coelotine Spiders Support the Eocene鈥揙ligocene Orogenesis of the Tibetan Plateau
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Extinction vs. Rapid Radiation: The Juxtaposed Evolutionary Histories of Coelotine Spiders Support the Eocene鈥揙ligocene Orogenesis of the Tibetan Plateau
Evolutionary biology has long been concerned with how changing environments affect and drive the spatiotemporal development of organisms. Coelotine spiders (Agelenidae: Coelotinae) are common species in the temperate and subtropical areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Their long evolutionary history and the extremely imbalanced distribution of species richness suggest that Eurasian environments, especially since the Cenozoic, are the drivers of their diversification. We use phylogenetics, molecular dating, ancestral area reconstructions, diversity, and ecological niche analyses to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of 286 coelotine species from throughout the region. Based on eight genes (6.5 kb) and 2323 de novo DNA sequences, analyses suggest an Eocene South China origin for them. Most extant, widespread species belong to the southern (SCG) or northern (NCG) clades. The origin of coelotine spiders appears to associate with either the Paleocene鈥揈ocene Thermal Maximum or the hot period in early Eocene. Tibetan uplifting events influenced the current diversity patterns of coelotines. The origin of SCG lies outside of the Tibetan Plateau. Uplifting in the southeastern area of the plateau blocked dispersal since the Late Eocene. Continuous orogenesis appears to have created localized vicariant events, which drove rapid radiation in SCG. North-central Tibet is the likely location of origin for NCG and many lineages likely experienced extinction owing to uplifting since early Oligocene. Their evolutionary histories correspond with recent geological evidence that high-elevation orographical features existed in the Tibetan region as early as 40鈥?5 Ma. Our discoveries may be the first empirical evidence that links the evolution of organisms to the Eocene鈥揙ligocene uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. [Tibet; biogeography; ecology; molecular clock; diversification.]
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机译：进化生物学长期以来一直关注如何改变环境的影响和推动生物体的时空发展。 Coelotine Spiders（Agelenidae：Coelotinae）是北半球温带和亚热带地区的常见物种。它们的长大进化历史和物种丰富的极其不平衡分布表明，欧亚环境，特别是自新生代以来，是他们多样化的司机。我们使用系统发育，分子约会，祖先的区域重建，多样性和生态利基分析，以研究来自整个地区的286种Coelotine物种的时空演化。基于八个基因（6.5 kB）和2323 de Novo DNA序列，分析表明了一个农村南中国的原产地。最现存，广泛的物种属于南部（SCG）或北部（NCG）的碎片。 Coelotine Spiders的起源似乎与古烯鈥揈ocene热最大或早期何种oOCene的热度相关联。藏人振衡事件影响了当前的创ot素模式。 SCG的起源位于西藏高原之外。自晚期后，高原的东南地区令人振奋。连续oreganesis似乎已经创造了局部的牧草事件，这使得SCG的快速辐射。西藏北部的可能是NCG起源的可能位置，并且由于早期少细胞以来，许多谱系可能经历过灭绝。他们的进化历史与最近的地质证据相当了，即早期为40‰的藏区域存在高升高的或藏族特征。我们的发现可能是第一个将生物体演变与虫族高原振奋的群体升高的第一证据证据。 [西藏;生物地理;生态;分子时钟;多样化。]
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