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首页> 外文期刊>Parasitology >The global biogeography of avian haemosporidian parasites is characterized by local diversification and intercontinental dispersal
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The global biogeography of avian haemosporidian parasites is characterized by local diversification and intercontinental dispersal

机译：禽血管鸟寄生虫的全球生物地理特征在于局部多样化和洲际分散

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摘要

The biogeographic histories of parasites and pathogens are infrequently compared with those of free-living species, including their hosts. Documenting the frequency with which parasites and pathogens disperse across geographic regions contributes to understanding not only their evolution, but also the likelihood that they may become emerging infectious diseases. Haemosporidian parasites of birds (parasite genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) are globally distributed, dipteran-vectored parasites. To date, over 2000 avian haemosporidian lineages have been designated by molecular barcoding methods. To achieve their current distributions, some lineages must have dispersed long distances, often over water. Here we quantify such events using the global avian haemosporidian database MalAvi and additional records primarily from the Americas. We scored lineages as belonging to one or more global biogeographic regions based on infection records. Most lineages were restricted to a single region but some were globally distributed. We also used part of the cytochrome b gene to create genus-level parasite phylogenies and scored well-supported nodes as having descendant lineages in regional sympatry or allopatry. Descendant sister lineages of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were distributed in allopatry in 11, 16 and 15% of investigated nodes, respectively. Although a small but significant fraction of the molecular variance in cytochrome b of all three genera could be explained by biogeographic region, global parasite dispersal likely contributed to the majority of the unexplained variance. Our results suggest that avian haemosporidian parasites have faced few geographic barriers to dispersal over their evolutionary history.
机译：寄生虫和病原体的生物地理历史与包括自由生活的物种相比，包括其宿主。记录寄生虫和病原体分散在地理区域的频率有助于了解他们的演变，也有助于理解它们可能成为新兴传染病的可能性。鸟类寄生虫鸟类（寄生虫属疟原虫，血蛋白和白细胞）是全球分布的，Dipteran矢量寄生虫。迄今为止，通过分子条形码方法指定了2000多个禽血管仪谱系。为了实现目前的分布，一些谱系必须长距离分散，通常在水中。在这里，我们使用全球禽血管基数据库Malavi和主要来自美洲的额外记录来量化此类事件。我们根据感染记录划分谱系，属于一个或多个全球生物地图区域。大多数谱系被限制在一个地区，但有些是全球分布的。我们还使用部分细胞色素B基因，以产生属级寄生虫生理学，并在区域分组或丙酸中具有后代谱系的良好支持的节点。疟原虫，血蛋白和白细胞的后代姐妹谱系分别分布在11,16和15％的调查节点中的Allopatry中。尽管所有三个属的细胞色素B中的分子方差的小而大部分可以通过生物地理区解释，但是全球寄生虫分散可能导致大多数未解释的方差。我们的研究结果表明，禽血管鸟寄生虫面临着少数几个地理障碍，在他们的进化史上散列。

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