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Immediate and lag effects of pesticide exposure on parasite resistance in larval amphibians

机译：农药暴露对幼虫两栖动物寄生虫抗性的立即和滞后效应

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Across host-parasite systems, there is evidence that pesticide exposure increases parasite loads and mortality following infection. However, whether these effects are driven by reductions in host resistance to infection or slower rates of parasite clearance is often unclear. Using controlled laboratory experiments, we examined the ability of larval northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) to resist and clear trematode (Echinoparyphium sp.) infections following exposure to the insecticide carbaryl. Northern leopard frogs exposed to 1 mg L-1 of carbaryl had 61% higher parasite loads compared with unexposed individuals, while there was no immediate effect of carbaryl on parasite encystment in American toads. However, when tadpoles were exposed to carbaryl and moved to freshwater for 14 days before the parasite challenge, we recovered 37 and 63% more parasites from carbaryl-exposed northern leopard frogs and American toads, respectively, compared with the control. No effects on clearance were found for either species. Collectively, our results suggest that pesticide exposure can reduce the ability of amphibians to resist parasite infections and that these effects can persist weeks following exposure. It is critical for researchers to incorporate species interactions into toxicity studies to improve our understanding of how contaminants affect ecological communities.
机译：跨越寄生虫系统，有证据表明杀虫剂暴露会增加感染后的寄生虫载荷和死亡率。然而，无论这些效果是否因宿主抗性的降低而导致感染或寄生虫清除率的较慢率往往不清楚。使用受控实验室实验，我们研究了幼虫北部豹（LiThobates Pipiens）和美国蟾蜍（Anaxyrus Americanus）抵抗和透明发出杀虫剂（echinoparyphium sp）的能力。与未暴露的个体相比，暴露于1 mg L-1的北豹青蛙接触到1mg -1的氨基甲酸盐载量高，氨基芳基对美国蟾蜍的寄生虫口碑上没有立即作用。然而，当蝌蚪暴露于咔兰并在寄生虫挑战前将淡水移动到淡水14天时，我们与对照相比，我们分别从Carbaryl-暴露的北部豹纹青蛙和美国蟾蜍中收回了37％和63％的寄生虫。没有发现对任何一种物种的影响。我们的结果表明，农药暴露可以降低两栖动物抵抗寄生虫感染的能力，并且这些效果可以在暴露后持续存在。研究人员将物种相互作用纳入毒性研究至关重要，以改善我们对污染物如何影响生态社区的理解。

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