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Positive density-dependent growth supports costs sharing hypothesis and population density sensing in a manipulative parasite

机译：依赖密度依赖性生长支持在操纵寄生虫中分享假设和人口密度感测的成本

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摘要

Parasites manipulate their hosts' phenotype to increase their own fitness. Like any evolutionary adaptation, parasitic manipulations should be costly. Though it is difficult to measure costs of the manipulation directly, they can be evaluated using an indirect approach. For instance, theory suggests that as the parasite infrapopulation grows, the investment of individual parasites in host manipulation decreases, because of cost sharing. Another assumption is that in environments where manipulation does not pay off for the parasite, it can decrease its investment in the manipulation to save resources. We experimentally infected rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with the immature larvae of the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, to test these assumptions. Immature D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae are known for their ability to manipulate the behaviour of their host enhancing its anti-predator defenses to avoid concomitant predation. We found that the growth rate of individual parasites in rainbow trout increased with the infrapopulation size (positive density-dependence) suggesting cost sharing. Moreover, parasites adjusted their growth to the intensity of infection within the eye lens where they were localized suggesting population density sensing. Results of this study support the hypothesis that macroparasites can adjust their growth rate and manipulation investment according to cost sharing level and infrapopulation size.
机译：寄生虫操纵他们的宿主的表型以增加自己的健康。与任何进化适应一样，寄生操作应该是昂贵的。虽然难以直接测量操纵成本，但可以使用间接方法进行评估。例如，理论表明，随着寄生虫互换的增长，由于成本共享，各个寄生虫的投资减少了。另一个假设是在操纵不需要寄生虫的环境中，它可以降低其对操纵的投资以节省资源。我们用Trematode Diplostomumpseudospathaceum的未成熟幼虫进行了实验感染了Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss，以测试这些假设。未成熟的D.Pseudospathaceum metacercariae以其操纵其宿主的行为提高其抗捕食者防御的能力，以避免伴随的捕食。我们发现，虹鳟鱼中的个体寄生虫的生长速率随着越来越大的规模（积极密度依赖）提出成本分担。此外，寄生虫将它们的生长调节到眼镜内的感染强度，在那里它们是局部化的群体密度感测。该研究的结果支持根据成本分享水平和违规规模来调整其生长速率和操纵投资的假设。

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