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State-dependent parasitism by a facultative parasite of fruit flies

机译：果蝇的兼疗法寄生虫的国家依赖寄生寄生

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摘要

Parasites can evolve phenotypically plastic strategies for transmission such that a single genotype can give rise to a range of phenotypes depending on the environmental condition. State-dependent plasticity in particular can arise from individual differences in the parasite's internal state or the condition of the host. Facultative parasites serve as ideal model systems for investigating state-dependent plasticity because individuals can exhibit two life history strategies (free-living or parasitic) depending on the environment. Here, we experimentally show that the ectoparasitic mite Macrocheles subbadius is more likely to parasitize a fruit fly host if the female mite is mated; furthermore, the propensity to infect increased with the level of starvation experienced by the mite. Host condition also played an important role; hosts infected with moderate mite loads were more likely to gain additional infections in pairwise choice tests than uninfected flies. We also found that mites preferentially infected flies subjected to mechanical injury over uninjured flies. These results suggest that a facultative parasite's propensity to infect a host (i.e. switch from a free-living strategy) depends on both the parasite's internal state and host condition. Parasites often live in highly variable and changing environments, an infection strategy that is plastic is likely to be adaptive.
机译：寄生虫可以演化表型塑料策略以进行传播，使得单个基因型可根据环境条件引起一系列表型。特别是具有寄生虫内部状态或主体状况的个体差异的国家依赖可塑性。兼容寄生虫是调查国家依赖可塑性的理想模型系统，因为个人可以根据环境表现出两名寿命历史策略（自由生活或寄生）。在这里，我们通过实验表明，如果母螨相配，外胚酸性螨巨石子巨码次数更可能寄生果蝇宿主;此外，感染的倾向随着螨虫经历的饥饿水平而增加。主机条件也发挥了重要作用;感染中等螨型载荷的宿主更可能在成对选择试验中获得额外的感染，而不是未感染的苍蝇。我们还发现螨虫优先感染苍蝇对未受约束苍蝇进行机械损伤的苍蝇。这些结果表明，兼容寄生虫的倾向（即从自由生活策略切换）取决于寄生虫的内部状态和宿主条件。寄生虫经常生活在高度变化和变化的环境中，一种塑料的感染策略可能是适应性的。

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