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首页> 外文期刊>Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment: An International Journal for Scientific Research on the Relationship of Agriculture and Food Production to the Biosphere >Effects of cattle, sheep and deer grazing on soil physical quality and losses of phosphorus and suspended sediment losses in surface runoff
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Effects of cattle, sheep and deer grazing on soil physical quality and losses of phosphorus and suspended sediment losses in surface runoff

机译：牛，绵羊和鹿放牧对地表径流土壤物理质量和磷素流失和悬浮沉积物流失的影响

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a- Livestock grazing can decrease soil physical quality and is linked to a decrease in water quality. a- We examined the grazing impacts of cattle, sheep and deer over a 2-year period. a- Cattle were found to have a greater detrimental impact on soil quality than either sheep or deer. a- These differences had no impact on P and SS losses between stock types in surface runoff. a- Restricted grazing in winter can help reduce runoff losses and maintain soil physical quality. Livestock grazing and treading is strongly linked to a decrease in freshwater quality and promotes eutrophication. A two-year field trial was carried out to investigate the influence cattle, sheep and deer have on soil physical quality and the loss of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) in surface runoff. Surface runoff plots (4m long by 1m wide) were installed within areas designated as stock or ungrazed (control). Surface runoff was collected and analysed for concentrations and loads of P fractions (dissolved reactive P-DRP, dissolved unreactive P-DUP, total dissolved P-TDP, particulate P-PP and total P-TP) and SS. Grazed at equivalent stocking density, soil physical samples (macroporosity, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity K sat) were taken after each grazing event (n =11). Soil physical data indicated differences between cattle, sheep and deer with cattle having greater negative effects. However, these differences had no impact on P and SS losses between stock types in surface runoff. Significant relationships showed that an increase in macroporosity, K sat, and time (days) since grazing decreased concentrations and loads of P and SS losses. A separate rainfall simulation study also revealed that an increase in simulated cattle treading intensity increased the volume of surface runoff and SS losses. Most surface runoff (> 90%) occurred in winter when soil moisture was at or above field capacity. A seasonal effect was observed and showed that although the greatest P loads occurred in winter, the greatest P concentrations occurred in summer months, under infiltration-excess conditions. These summer losses could pose a risk to receiving waterways because increased light and warmth may induce an algal response compared to winter. While there is limited scope to manage for infiltration-excess surface runoff losses from pasture, with most runoff occurring in winter, these findings reinforce the use of mitigation strategies such as restricted or nil grazing in winter when soil moisture has reached field capacity to minimise P and SS loss to surface water, regardless of stock type.
机译：a-放牧会降低土壤的物理质量，并与水质下降有关。 a-我们研究了两年内牛，绵羊和鹿的放牧影响。 a-牛被发现比绵羊或鹿对土壤质量的有害影响更大。 a-这些差异对地表径流中不同类型股票之间的P和SS损失没有影响。 a-冬季限制放牧有助于减少径流损失并保持土壤物理质量。放牧和踩踏牲畜与淡水质量下降密切相关，并促进富营养化。进行了为期两年的田间试验，以调查牛，绵羊和鹿对土壤物理质量的影响以及地表径流中磷（P）和悬浮沉积物（SS）的损失。将地面径流图（长4m x宽1m）安装在指定为储备或未毛化（对照）的区域内。收集地表径流并分析P组分（溶解的反应性P-DRP，溶解的不反应性P-DUP，总溶解的P-TDP，颗粒状的P-​​PP和总的P-TP）的浓度和负荷。在每次放牧事件后（n = 11），以相等的放养密度放牧，采集土壤物理样本（宏观密度，堆积密度和饱和水力传导系数K sat）。土壤物理数据表明牛，绵羊和鹿之间的差异，而牛的负面影响更大。但是，这些差异不会影响地表径流中不同类型股票之间的P和SS损失。显着的关系表明，自放牧以来，大孔隙度，K sat和时间（天）增加，降低了P和SS损失的浓度和负荷。一项单独的降雨模拟研究还显示，模拟牛的踩踏强度增加会增加地表径流量和SS损失。大部分地表径流（> 90％）发生在冬季，那时土壤湿度等于或高于田间持水量。观察到季节效应，结果表明，尽管在渗透过量的条件下，最大的磷负荷发生在冬季，但最大的磷浓度发生在夏季。这些夏季损失可能会给水道带来风险，因为与冬季相比，增加的光照和温暖可能会诱发藻类反应。虽然牧场的入渗过量地表径流损失的管理范围有限，但大部分径流发生在冬季，但这些发现加强了减缓策略的使用，例如在冬季，当土壤水分达到田间持水量时，限制放牧或零放牧以尽量减少磷和SS损失到地表水，而不管股票类型如何。

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