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首页> 外文期刊>Physics - Uspekhi >Astrophysical objects with extreme energy release: observations and theory
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Astrophysical objects with extreme energy release: observations and theory

机译：具有极端能源释放的天体物理物体：观察和理论

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摘要

Supernovae release extreme amounts of energy and produce major chemical elements in galaxies. They are extraordinary phenomena that give rise to the emission of neutrinos, gravitational waves, and broad spectra of electromagnetic radiation, and accelerate particles to ultra-relativistic energies. Observations of supernovae have led to the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe and the introduction of the 'dark energy' concept. Recent observations and theoretical models have revealed diverse supernova-related phenomena, the diversity resulting from variations both in the energy release mechanisms and in the properties of circumstellar matter. Supernova remnants and, in particular, gamma-ray bursts originating from compact stellar remnants are among the main objects of space research programs all over the world. We review the results of supernova and gamma-ray burst observations, as well as physical models capable of explaining the acceleration of nonthermal particles to ultra-relativistic energies and the amplification of fluctuating magnetic fields in supernova shells. We also consider the prospects of testing these models via observations with orbital and ground-based telescopes.
机译：Supernovae释放极端能量，并在星系中产生主要的化学元素。它们是非凡现象，其产生中微子，重力波和电磁辐射的广谱和广谱的发射，并加速粒子以超越能量。 Supernovae的观察导致了发现宇宙加速扩张和“暗能”概念的引入。最近的观察和理论模型揭示了多样化的超新月相关现象，在能量释放机制中的变化和中间的变化导致的多样性。 Supernova Remnants，特别是源自紧凑型恒星残余的伽马射线爆发是世界各地空间研究计划的主要目的之一。我们审查超新月和伽马射线突发观测结果，以及能够解释非热颗粒对超不相对论能量的加速度的物理模型以及超新星壳中的波动磁场的放大。我们还考虑通过与轨道和地面望远镜的观察结果测试这些模型的前景。

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