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Study of runaway electrons in TUMAN-3M tokamak plasmas

机译：Tuman-3M Tokamak等离子体中的失控电子研究

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Studies of runaway electrons in present day tokamaks are essential to improve theoretical models and to support possible avoidance or suppression mechanisms in future large-scale plasma devices. Some of the phenomena associated with the runaway electrons take place at faster time scales, and thus it is essential to probe the runaway electrons to investigate underlying physics. The present article reports a few experimental observations of runaway electron associated events, at fast time scales, using a state-of-the-art multi-detector system developed at the Ioffe Institute and recently deployed on the TUMAN-3M tokamak. The system is based on the high-performance scintillation gamma-ray spectrometers for measurements of bremsstrahlung generated during the interaction of accelerated electrons with plasma and materials of the tokamak chamber. It includes a total three detectors configured in the spectroscopic mode having different lines of sight. Along with this hardware, dedicated algorithms were developed and validated that enables the separation of piled-up pulses, maximize the dynamic range of the detector and provides a counting rate as high as 10(7) counts per second. The inversion code, DeGaSum, has been used for the reconstruction of a runaway electron energy distribution function from the measured gamma-ray spectra. Using this tool, experimental analysis of the runaway electron beam generation and evolution of their energy distribution in the TUMAN-3M representative plasma discharges is performed. The effect on gamma-ray count rate during the magnetohydrodynamic activities and possible changes in the runaway electron energy distribution function during sawtooth oscillations is discussed in detail. Possible maximum limit of the runaway electron energy in TUMAN-3M is investigated and compared with the numerical analysis. In addition, the probability of the runaway electron generation throughout the plasma discharge is estimated analytically and compared with the
机译：对现今的失控电子研究Tokamaks对于改进理论模型至关重要，并支持未来大规模等离子体器件中可能的避免或抑制机制。与失控电子相关的一些现象以更快的时间尺度进行，因此必须探测失控电子以调查底层物理学。本文报告了利用在IOFFE Institute的最新的多探测器系统，最近部署在Tuman-3M Tokamak上的最新的多探测器系统，在快速时间尺度下报告了几种实验性观察。该系统基于高性能闪烁伽马射线光谱仪，用于测量在加速电子的相互作用期间产生的Bremsstrahlung，其具有托卡纳克室的等离子体和材料。它包括在具有不同视线的光谱模式中配置的总三个探测器。随着该硬件，开发和验证了专用算法，可以分离堆积脉冲，最大化检测器的动态范围，并提供每秒高达10（7）计数的计数率。反转码Degasum已被用于从测量的伽马射线光谱重新构造失控电子能量分布功能。使用该工具，进行了在肿瘤-3M代表性等离子体放电中的失控电子束产生和它们能量分布的演化的实验分析。详细讨论了磁性动力学活动期间对伽马射线计数率的影响以及锯齿振荡期间的失控电子能量分布函数的可能变化。研究了Tuman-3M中失控电子能的最大限制，并与数值分析进行了比较。此外，在分析和比较过程中估计在整个等离子体放电过程中的失控电子发电的概率和比较

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