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首页> 外文期刊>The anatomical record: advances in integrative anatomy and evolutionary biology >Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex Tyrannosaurus rex
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Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex Tyrannosaurus rex

机译：腭生物力学及其对巨龙雷克兰龙龙雷克斯雷克斯雷克斯的颅脑的重要性

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ABSTRACT The extinct nonavian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex , considered one of the hardest biting animals ever, is often hypothesized to have exhibited cranial kinesis, or, mobility of cranial joints relative to the braincase. Cranial kinesis in T . rex is a biomechanical paradox in that forcefully biting tetrapods usually possess rigid skulls instead of skulls with movable joints. We tested the biomechanical performance of a tyrannosaur skull using a series of static positions mimicking possible excursions of the palate to evaluate Postural Kinetic Competency in Tyrannosaurus . A functional extant phylogenetic bracket was employed using taxa, which exhibit measurable palatal excursions: Psittacus erithacus (fore–aft movement) and Gekko gecko (mediolateral movement). Static finite element models of Psittacus , Gekko , and Tyrannosaurus were constructed and tested with different palatal postures using anatomically informed material properties, loaded with muscle forces derived from dissection, phylogenetic bracketing, and a sensitivity analysis of muscle architecture and tested in orthal biting simulations using element strain as a proxy for model performance. Extant species models showed lower strains in naturally occurring postures compared to alternatives. We found that fore–aft and neutral models of Tyrannosaurus experienced lower overall strains than mediolaterally shifted models. Protractor muscles dampened palatal strains, while occipital constraints increased strains about palatocranial joints compared to jaw joint constraints. These loading behaviors suggest that even small excursions can strain elements beyond structural failure. Thus, these postural tests of kinesis, along with the robusticity of other cranial features, suggest that the skull of Tyrannosaurus was functionally akinetic. Anat Rec, 303:999–1017, 2020. ? 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
机译：摘要灭绝的义娃恐龙霸王龙，被认为是最难的咬人的动物之一，通常假设表现出颅骨，或者颅骨相对于脑壳的迁移率。颅脑中的t。 Rex是一种生物力学悖论，在这种生物力学悖论中，强制性尖刺的四脚叠通常具有刚性颅骨而不是具有可移动关节的头骨。我们使用一系列静态位置模仿口感的一系列静态位置来测试霸王龙头骨的生物力学表现，以评估暴龙的姿势动力学。使用Quata的功能性延长系统发育支架，其出差，其展示可衡量的腭偏移：Psittacus Irithacus（前后运动）和Gekko Gecko（MediolateLaltal运动）。 Psittacus，Gekko和Tyrannosaurus的静态有限元模型用不同的腭姿势使用剖视通知的材料特性，装载肌肉力，肌肉力衍生自解剖，系统发育包围和肌肉建筑的敏感性分析并在尖头模拟中测试元素应变作为模型性能的代理。与替代方案相比，现时物种模型显示在天然存在的姿势中的较低菌株。我们发现，暴龙前后和中性模型较低的总菌株比中莫尔双面移动模型。分度器肌肉阻尼腭菌株，而枕骨限制与颌关节约束相比增加了腭关节的菌株。这些装载行为表明，即使是小型偏移也可以应变超出结构故障的元素。因此，随着其他颅骨特征的强烈刺激性，这些姿势试验表明，暴龙的颅骨在功能上是一种功能性的。 ANAT REC，303：999-1017,2020。 2019 Wiley期刊，Inc。

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