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首页> 外文期刊>Protoplasma: An International Journal of Cell Biology >Downregulation of lizard immuno-genes in the regenerating tail and myogenes in the scarring limb suggests that tail regeneration occurs in an immuno-privileged organ
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Downregulation of lizard immuno-genes in the regenerating tail and myogenes in the scarring limb suggests that tail regeneration occurs in an immuno-privileged organ

机译：在疤痕肢体中再生尾部和肌肌的蜥蜴免疫基因下调表明尾部再生发生在免疫特征器官中

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摘要

Amputated tails of lizards regenerate while limbs form scars which histological structure is very different from the original organs. Lizards provide useful information for regenerative medicine and some hypotheses on the loss of regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates. Analysis of tail and limb transcriptomes shows strong downregulation in the tail blastema for immunoglobulins and surface B and T receptors, cell function, and metabolism. In contrast, in the limb blastema genes for myogenesis, muscle and cell function, and extracellular matrix deposition but not immunity are variably downregulated. The upregulated genes show that the regenerating tail is an embryonic organ driven by the Wnt pathway and non-coding RNAs. The strong inflammation following amputation, the non-activation of the Wnt pathway, and the upregulation of inflammatory genes with no downregulation of immune genes indicate that the amputated limb does not activate an embryonic program. Intense inflammation in limbs influences in particular the activity of genes coding for muscle proteins, cell functions, and stimulates the deposition of dense extracellular matrix proteins resulting in scarring limb outgrowths devoid of muscles. The present study complements that on upregulated genes, and indicates that the regenerating tail requires immune suppression to maintain this embryonic organ connected to the rest of the tail without be rejected or turned into a scar. It is hypothesized that the evolution of the adaptive immune system determined scarring instead of organ regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates and that lizards evolved the process of tail regeneration through a mechanism of immuno-evasion.
机译：在肢体形成疤痕的鳞片中截肢尾部，组织学结构与原始器官非常不同。蜥蜴为再生医学提供了有用的信息，以及陆地脊椎动物再生的一些假设。尾部和肢体转录om的分析显示免疫球蛋白和表面B和T受体，细胞功能和代谢的尾巴肿块中的强烈下调。相反，在肌生成的肢体肿块基因中，可变地下调肌肉和细胞功能，肌肉和细胞功能，但不具有免疫性的细胞外基质沉积。上调的基因表明，再生尾是由WNT途径驱动的胚胎器官和非编码RNA。截肢后的强炎症，WNT途径的不激活，以及没有免疫基因下调的炎症基因的上调表明截肢肢体不会激活胚胎程序。肢体中的强烈炎症尤其影响编码肌肉蛋白，细胞功能的基因的活性，并刺激致密细胞外基质蛋白的沉积，导致缺乏肌肉的肢体产物。本研究补充说在上调基因上，并表明再生尾部需要免疫抑制，以维持连接到尾部其余部分的胚胎器官，而不会被拒绝或变成疤痕。假设自适应免疫系统的演变在陆地脊椎动物中确定了瘢痕，而不是器官再生，并且蜥蜴通过免疫逃逸的机制演变了尾部再生的过程。

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