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首页> 外文期刊>Biology Bulletin Reviews >Extinction of Large Herbivore Mammals: Niche Characteristics of the Musk Ox Ovibos moschatus and the Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Coexisting in Isolation
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Extinction of Large Herbivore Mammals: Niche Characteristics of the Musk Ox Ovibos moschatus and the Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Coexisting in Isolation

机译：大型草食性哺乳动物的灭绝：麝香牛卵和驯鹿Rangifer tarandus并存的生态位特征

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The extinction of large northern herbivores is a puzzle for many biologists. Is it caused by climate change or human activity? The survival of the weak trophic competitors promotes the "anthropogenic" hypothesis. The extant species of Pleistocene communities allow us to easily test this assumption. The reindeer and musk ox have been until now coexisting in the Arctic territory. Their island populations form a unique natural experiment for assessing the role of competition. On Wrangel Island, changesin their abundance occur with the opposite trends. The same situation recurs on other Arctic islands. The reindeer population decreases, while the musk oxen population becomes larger. We have found that the above trends are determined by the food web structure. The niche overlap between species is considerable and cannot be facilitated by habitat partitioning. The number of plant species in the musk oxen diet is higher than in the reindeer. The exclusive part of the musk ox diet was higher as well. Thereindeer occupies a worse position in all of the habitat types. However, the changes in herbivores distribution during the Pleistocene demonstrate opposite results. Therefore, the competitive advantage could not save the Palaearctic musk ox, and its extinction seems to be the result of selective overkill. Conclusively, human activity may be considered as the main factor of the Late Pleistocene herbivore extinctions, and reintroduction of the musk ox should be coupled with extensive conservation.
机译：北方大型食草动物的灭绝是许多生物学家的难题。是气候变化还是人类活动引起的？弱营养竞争者的生存促进了“人为”假设。现有的更新世群落物种使我们能够轻松地检验这一假设。到目前为止，驯鹿和麝牛一直在北极地区共存。他们的岛屿人口是评估竞争作用的独特自然实验。在弗兰格尔岛上，它们的丰度变化以相反的趋势发生。在北极其他岛屿上也有同样的情况。驯鹿种群减少，而麝牛种群变大。我们发现上述趋势是由食物网结构决定的。物种之间的生态位重叠相当大，栖息地划分无法促进这些生态位的重叠。麝牛饮食中的植物种类数量多于驯鹿。麝牛饮食中的排他性部分也较高。驯鹿在所有栖息地类型中的位置都较差。然而，更新世期间草食动物分布的变化显示相反的结果。因此，竞争优势无法挽救古北麝香，其灭绝似乎是选择性过度杀伤的结果。总之，人类活动可能被认为是晚更新世食草动物灭绝的主要因素，麝香牛的重新引入应与广泛的保护相结合。

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