Tube and pipe benders use a variety of strategies to impart arcs onto tubular workpieces, from a pressing action for simple, one-plane bends; to a somewhat more sophisticated twin rotary process for paired symmetrical bends; to rolling, which can bend in two dimensions. For a complex series of bends on a single workpiece, many in the industry rely on a fully programmable CNC bending machine. Depending on the forming process, tube workpiece material, wall thickness, and aesthetic requirements, a mandrel may be necessary to provide internal support during the bending process.
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