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Weak States:Causes and Consequences of the Sicilian Mafia

机译:弱势态势:西西里黑手党的原因和后果

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We document that the spread of the Mafia in Sicily at the end of the 19th century was in part caused by the rise of socialist Peasant Fasci organizations.In an environment with weak state presence,this socialist threat triggered landowners,estate managers,and local politicians to turn to the Mafia to resist and combat peasant demands.We show that the location of the Peasant Fasci is significantly affected by a severe drought in 1893,and using information on rainfall,we estimate the impact of the Peasant Fasci on the location of the Mafia in 1900.We provide extensive evidence that rainfall before and after this critical period has no effect on the spread of the Mafia or various economic and political outcomes.In the second part of the article,we use this source of variation in the strength of the Mafia in 1900 to estimate its medium-term and long-term effects.We find significant and quantitatively large negative impacts of the Mafia on literacy and various public goods in the 1910s and 20s.We also show a sizable impact of the Mafia on political competition,which could be one of the channels via which it affected local economic outcomes.We document negative effects of the Mafia on longer-term outcomes(in the 1960s,70s,and 80s)as well,but these are in general weaker and often only marginally significant.One exception is its persistent and strong impact on political competition.
机译:我们证明,19世纪末,西西里岛的黑手党在社会主义农民面板组织崛起的局面造成的。在国家存在疲软的环境中,这种社会主义威胁引发了土地所有者,房地产经理和当地政治家要转向黑手党来抵抗和打击农民要求。我们展示了农民Fasci的位置受到1893年严重干旱的显着影响,并使用有关降雨的信息,估计农民FASCI对该位置的影响1900年的黑手党。我们提供了广泛的证据,在这个关键时期之前和之后降雨对黑手党或各种经济和政治结果的传播没有影响。在本文的第二部分,我们使用这种变化来源的力量1900年的黑手党估计其中期和长期影响。我们在1910年代和1910年代的识字和各种公共物品中发现了显着且定量的大量负面影响20多岁也显示了黑手党对政治竞争的相当大,这可能是它影响当地经济结果的渠道之一。我们在长期成果上记录了黑手党的负面影响(在20世纪60年代,70年代,70年代,和80年代)也是如此,但这些通常较弱,往往只有略微重要。一个例外是对政治竞争的持续和强烈影响。

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