More Data or Better Data? A Statistical Decision Problem

Dominitz Jeff; Manski Charles F.

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More Data or Better Data? A Statistical Decision Problem

机译：更多数据或更好的数据？统计决策问题

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When designing data collection, crucial questions arise regarding how much data to collect and how much effort to expend to enhance the quality of the collected data. To make choice of sample design a coherent subject of study, it is desirable to specify an explicit decision problem. We use theWald framework of statistical decision theory to study allocation of a budget between two or more sampling processes. These processes all draw random samples from a population of interest and aim to collect data that are informative about the sample realizations of an outcome. They differ in the cost of data collection and the quality of the data obtained. One may incur lower cost per sample member but yield lower data quality than another. Increasing the allocation of budget to a low-cost process yields more data, while increasing the allocation to a high-cost process yields better data. We initially view the concept of "better data" abstractly and then fix attention on two important cases. In both cases, a high-cost sampling process accurately measures the outcome of each sample member. The cases differ in the data yielded by a low-cost process. In one, the low-cost process has non-response and in the other it provides a low-resolution interval measure of each sample member's outcome. In these settings, we study minimax-regret sample design for prediction of a real-valued outcome under square loss; that is, design which minimizes maximum mean square error. The analysis imposes no assumptions that restrict the unobserved outcomes. Hence, the decision maker must cope with both the statistical imprecision of finite samples and the partial identification of the true state of nature.

机译：在设计数据收集时，有关收集的数据量和节约以提高收集数据质量的努力需要多少的问题。为了选择样本设计一个相干的研究主题，希望指定明确的决策问题。我们使用统计决策理论的沃尔德框架来研究两个或多个采样过程之间的预算。这些过程所有从感兴趣的人群中汲取随机样本，并旨在收集有关结果的样本实现的信息。它们在数据收集的成本和所获得的数据的质量方面不同。每个样本构件的成本可能会产生更低的成本，但能够比另一个更低的数据质量。增加预算分配到低成本过程会产生更多数据，同时增加对高成本过程的分配产生更好的数据。我们最初通过抽象地查看“更好数据”的概念，然后以两个重要案例为注意。在这两种情况下，高成本采样过程准确测量每个样品成员的结果。这种情况在低成本过程中产生的数据不同。在一个，低成本过程具有非响应，另一个提供了每个样本成员结果的低分辨率间隔测量。在这些设置中，我们研究了Minimax-Irteet样本设计，以便在方形损失下预测真实的结果;也就是说，设计最小化最大均方误差。分析没有限制未观察到的结果的假设。因此，决策者必须应对有限样本的统计不精确，以及局部识别性质的真实状态。

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来源
《The Review of Economic Studies》 |2017年第301期|共23页
作者
Dominitz Jeff; Manski Charles F.;
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Resolut Econ Los Angeles CA 90067 USA;

Northwestern Univ Dept Econ Evanston IL 60208 USA;

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原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
中图分类经济;
关键词
Sample design; statistical decision theory; minimax regret; missing data; point prediction;

机译：样品设计;统计决策理论;Minimax遗憾;缺少数据;点预测;

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1. More Data or Better Data? A Statistical Decision Problem [J] . Dominitz Jeff, Manski Charles F. The Review of Economic Studies . 2017,第4a301期

机译：更多数据或更好的数据？统计决策问题
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5. Use of statistical analysis, data mining, decision analysis and cost effectiveness analysis to analyze medical data: Application to comparative effectiveness of lumpectomy and mastectomy for breast cancer. [D] . Ugiliweneza, Beatrice. 2011

机译：使用统计分析，数据挖掘，决策分析和成本效益分析来分析医学数据：在乳腺癌的乳房切除术和乳房切除术的比较有效性中的应用。
6. Bayesian model selection techniques as decision support for shaping a statistical analysis plan of a clinical trial: An example from a vertigo phase III study with longitudinal count data as primary endpoint [O] . Christine Adrion, Ulrich Mansmann 2012

机译：贝叶斯模型选择技术作为制定临床试验统计分析计划的决策依据：以纵向计数数据为主要终点的眩晕III期研究的一个例子
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

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8. Vital and Health Statistics. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics: Numbers 51-60. Series 16: Compilations of Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 6 [R] . 1991

机译：生命和健康统计。生命和健康统计数据的预先数据：第51-60号。系列16：生命和健康统计数据的预先数据汇编，第6号

More Data or Better Data? A Statistical Decision Problem

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