Two kinds of freedom: mercantile development and labor systems in Louisiana cotton and sugar parishes after the Civil War.

Marler S. P.

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Two kinds of freedom: mercantile development and labor systems in Louisiana cotton and sugar parishes after the Civil War.

机译：两种自由：南北战争后，路易斯安那州的商品发展和劳工制度中的棉花和糖坊区。

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Although the importance of country stores to the economy of the post-Civil War South has long been widely acknowledged, by far the most careful and influential analysis of rural merchants is Ransom and Sutch's One Kind of Freedom (1977), which used mostly region-wide data for its estimates of the numbers, capital, and spatial density of stores in the Cotton South. While paralleling the categories, methods, and evidentiary sources of One Kind of Freedom, this article instead takes a micro-level approach, comparing store development in two Reconstruction-era Louisiana parishes - one devoted to cotton production, the other to sugar. Data from these parishes and elsewhere in Louisiana suggests several problems with Ransom and Sutch's conclusions, especially their famous "territorial monopoly" thesis. Moreover, the superior performance of sugar parish stores underscores the significance of differences between the credit-dependent sharecropping system prevalent in cotton regions and the cash wages paid to sugar workers - distinctions that have often been intentionally blurred in recent historiography.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2011.85.2.225

机译：尽管乡村商店对南内战后经济的重要性早已广为人知，但迄今为止，对农村商人的最仔细和最有影响力的分析是兰瑟姆和苏奇的《一种自由》（1977）。），该数据主要使用区域范围内的数据来估算南棉地区商店的数量，资金和空间密度。本文与“一种自由”的类别，方法和证据来源并列，同时采用微观方法，比较了两个重建时期路易斯安那州教区的商店发展-一种致力于棉花生产，另加糖。来自这些教区和路易斯安那州其他地方的数据表明，Ransom和Sutch的结论存在若干问题，尤其是其著名的“领土垄断”论题。此外，糖区教区商店的卓越性能突显了棉花地区普遍存在的依赖信贷的股份种植系统与支付给糖业工人的现金工资之间的差异的重要性-这种差异在最近的历史学中经常被故意模糊。 //dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2011.85.2.225

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《Agricultural History》 |2011年第2期|共27页
作者
Marler S. P.;
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正文语种 eng
中图分类农学史;
关键词
cotton; crop production; history; labour; merchants; retail marketing; rural areas; shops; sugar industry; Gossypium; Malvaceae; Malvales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; eukaryotes; Delta States of USA; Southern States of USA; USA; APEC countries; Developed Countries; North America; America; OECD Countries; Gulf States of USA; West South Central States of USA.;

机译：棉花;作物生产;历史;劳动力;商人;零售市场;农村;商店;糖业;棉;锦葵科;锦葵属;双子叶植物;被子植物;精原植物;植物;真核生物;美国三角州;美国南部;美国;亚太经合组织国家;发达国家;北美;美国;经合组织国家;美国海湾国家;美国西南中部国家。;

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1. Two kinds of freedom: mercantile development and labor systems in Louisiana cotton and sugar parishes after the Civil War. [J] . Marler S. P. Agricultural History . 2011,第2期

机译：两种自由：南北战争后，路易斯安那州的商品发展和劳工制度中的棉花和糖坊区。
2. Hunting and Fishing in the New South: Black Labor and White Leisure after the Civil War. By Scott E. Giltner. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 231 pp. $55.00, ISBN 978-0-8018-9023-9.) [J] . Jeanette Keith The Journal of American History . 2009,第3期

机译：新南方的狩猎和捕鱼：内战之后的黑人劳动和白人休闲。斯科特·E·吉尔特纳（Scott E. Giltner）。（巴尔的摩：约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社，2008年。231页，每本$ 55.00，ISBN 978-0-8018-9023-9。）
3. The Fragile Fabric of Union: Cotton, Federal Politics, and the Global Origins of the Civil War. By Brian Schoen. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. xiv, 369 pp. $55.00, ISBN 978-0-8018-9303-2.) [J] . Charles Post The Journal of American History . 2010,第2期

机译：联盟的脆弱结构：棉花，联邦政治和南北战争的全球起源。布莱恩·斯科恩（Brian Schoen）。（巴尔的摩：约翰·霍普金斯大学出版社，2009年。xiv，369页，55.00美元，ISBN 978-0-8018-9303-2。）
4. State Adjustment Policies Toward the Cotton Industry and Latest Development in the Reform of the Cotton Quality Control System [C] . Nan-qian WU, rnYu-jue WANG, rnJia-yin WANG, The Chinese Cotton Industry under WTO and Its Implications for the Global Market . 2007

机译：国家棉花产业调整政策与棉花质量控制体系改革的最新进展。
5. Innovation and Industry Development: Lessons from the British Cotton Textile Industry During the U.S. Civil War. [D] . Hanlon, William Walker. 2012

机译：创新与产业发展：美国内战期间英国棉纺织业的教训。
6. Sugar and Auxin Signaling Pathways Respond to High-Temperature Stress during Anther Development as Revealed by Transcript Profiling Analysis in Cotton [O] . Ling Min, Yaoyao Li, Qin Hu, 2014

机译：棉花转录物谱分析表明糖和生长素信号通路对花药发育过程中的高温胁迫有响应
7. Bruce Levine. Half Slave and Half Free. The Roots of Civil War. Hill and Wang, New York1992. x, 292 pp. $30.00. (Paper: $11.95.) - Bruce Levine. The Spirit of 1848. German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War. University of Illinois Press, Urbana etc. 1992. xiv, 378 pp. $34.95. [O] . Earl F. Mulderink III 1994

机译：Bruce Levine。半奴隶和半自由。内战的根源。山和王，纽约州1992。 x，292 pp。$ 30.00。（纸质：11.95美元。） - 布鲁斯莱丁。 1848年的精神。德国移民，劳动力冲突和内战的到来。伊利诺伊大学出版社，Urbana 等 1992. XIV，378 PP。$ 34.95。
8. Development of Rapid Methods to Monitor Oxidative and Maillard (Sugar-Amine) Polymerization in Energy-Dense, Encapsulated Model Ration Systems [R] . Porter, W. L., Black, E. D., Kim, Y. K., 1986

机译：开发快速监测能量密集模型定量系统中氧化和美拉德（糖 - 胺）聚合的方法

Two kinds of freedom: mercantile development and labor systems in Louisiana cotton and sugar parishes after the Civil War.

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