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Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature

机译：为什么城市删除他们的高速公路？ 系统审查文献

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A scientific consensus has recently emerged suggesting that the dominant twentieth century paradigm of solving transportation congestion problems by building more freeways failed. The legacy of the freeway construction era is clearly visible in polluted and congested cities worldwide. To battle these ills, planning academics have been promoting more sustainable built form aligned with dedicated public/active transport provision. Partly as a result of the push coming from academia, a number of cities have sought to remove their freeways and replace the freed up space with alternate transport infrastructure, such as streets and boulevards. To discern if the transportation planning profession is currently undergoing a paradigm shift or whether freeway removal is merely a temporary fad, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature. In this article, we unpack the underlying reasons which have led some cities to removing their freeways. Results reveal that a paradigm shift has arguably not yet taken place in transportation planning. While many cities are creating human-scale and active transport spaces, currently these spaces tend to coexist alongside freeways. American cities, which were once the pioneers of freeway construction, appear to be lagging behind cities in Europe and Asia in this respect. If the current pace of freeway removal continues, it may take a few decades before the transportation planners, politicians, policy makers, and communities adopt radically different norms, methods, and goals. However, a radical approach may need to be taken sooner given alarming global warming predictions.
机译：最近出现了一个科学共识表明，通过建立更多高速公路来解决交通拥堵问题的占主导地位的二十世纪范式。高速公路建设时代的遗产在全球污染和拥挤的城市清晰可见。为了与这些弊病进行战斗，规划学者一直促进与专门的公共/主动运输提供的更可持续建立的形式。部分原因是来自学术界的推动，许多城市都试图消除他们的高速公路，并用街道和大道等替代运输基础设施取代释放的空间。为了辨别，如果运输规划专业目前正在接受范式转变或高速公路拆除仅仅是临时的时尚，我们对文献进行了系统审查。在本文中，我们解开了导致一些城市删除高速公路的潜在原因。结果表明，范式转变可以在运输规划中有可谓。虽然许多城市正在创造人类规模和有源运输空间，但目前这些空间往往将与高速公路共存。美国城市曾经是高速公路建设的先驱，似乎在这方面落后于欧洲和亚洲的城市。如果目前的高速公路拆除步伐继续，可能需要几十年，在运输计划人员，政治家，政策制定者和社区采用完全不同的规范，方法和目标之前几十年前。然而，可能需要在令人担忧的全球变暖预测中迅速采取激进的方法。

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