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Parking and the city

机译：停车场和城市

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In Parking and the City, urban planning Professor Donald Shoup of the University of California Los Angeles makes a persuasive case that an oversupply of free parking, off-street parking minimums, and other policies contribute to increased congestion and higher housing costs. Shoup makes the economic case that these policies both subsidize and conceal the true costs of driving and contribute to inequity and suboptimal transportation outcomes. Parking and the City reminds policymakers, practitioners, and the public that parking has a cost. Free parking distorts travel behaviour and economic decisions, penalizes sustainable choices, and contributes to lower wages (by redirecting wage income into parking). Because the true costs of parking are concealed, travellers have an incentive to drive and thereby contribute to congestion and emissions. Shoup makes a compelling argument to allow pricing and the market economy to commodify parking based on price, location, and convenience compared to other modes. In addition to an over abundance of parking, Parking and the City argues that parking minimums result in a number of additional externalities on housing affordability, historic preservation, the environment, walkability, and local tax revenue. This edited volume reminds readers that every land use has an assessed tax value and for parking, this value is low. When a parcel is surrounded by an abundance of surface parking, this results in lost tax value because properties are not being developed densely enough to support the land's highest and best use. The foregone tax revenue can result in fewer municipal services and lower quality of life. Shoup reminds us that surface parking reduces walkability and creates gaps in storefronts that discourage walking in business districts. Further, increased auto-dependence can lead to more sedentary lifestyles. In many cases, parking is built to accommodate the busiest peak period (or peak day, such as holidays) and may go unused most of the year. The increased distance created by parking often results in lower-density built environments and added costs for local governments in the form of more roadways, traffic lights, and supportive infrastructure (e.g. sewers, lighting, etc.).
机译：在停车场和城市，加州大学的城市规划唐纳德·洛杉矶大学塞尔斯·洛杉矶展示了一个有说服力的案例，提供免费停车场，街边停车场最少和其他政策的供过于求，有助于提高拥堵和更高的住房成本。源于这些政策的经济案例，这些政策都补贴和隐瞒了驾驶的真正成本，并有助于不公平和次优运输结果。停车场和城市提醒政策制定者，从业者和公众停车有费用。免费停车扭曲旅行行为和经济决策，惩罚可持续选择，并为降低工资贡献（通过将工资收入重定向到停车处）。由于停车的真正成本被隐藏，旅行者有动力驱动，从而有助于拥堵和排放。群旨在令人信服的论据，以允许定价和市场经济根据价格，位置和便利来规范停车位。除了超过丰富的停车场，停车场和城市还认为停车最低限度导致一些关于住房负担能力，历史保存，环境，可行性和地方税收收入的其他外部性。这种编辑的音量提醒读者，每个土地使用都有评估的纳税价值和停车，这个值很低。当包裹被丰富的表面停车包围时，这导致亏本价值损失，因为物业不足以支持土地最高和最佳使用。上面的税收收入可能导致较少的市政服务和较低的生活质量。恩惠提醒我们，表面停放降低了可行性，并在店面创造了散步，令人沮丧地走在商业区。此外，增加的自动依赖可以导致更久坐的生活方式。在许多情况下，建造停车以适应最繁忙的高峰期（或峰值日，如假期），并且在一年中的大部分时间可能都不会被用。停车创造的增加的距离通常会导致低密度的内置环境，并以更多的道路，红绿灯和支持基础设施的形式增加了地方政府的成本（例如，下水道，照明等）。

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