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Wintering Waterfowl Avoidance and Tolerance of Recreational Trail Use

机译：越冬水禽避免和宽度休闲径的宽容

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An experimental approach was used to investigate wintering waterfowl responses to introduced trail use at foraging sites with and without recreational trails in California, USA. Waterfowl were exposed to trail use in the form of two researchers walking levees adjacent to ponded habitat, and the number of waterfowl by species were compared before and after experimental walks in 40-m bands starting at the levee and extending 200 m into the ponds. The researchers recorded distances to the nearest individuals, responses of focal animals, and numbers of recreational trail users. The most numerous species were Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), and scaup spp. (Aythya affinis and A. marila). Recreational trail use rates at trail sites averaged 1 to 82 people/hr. The greatest difference in numbers of birds before vs. after experimental walks occurred in the two 40-m bands closest to the levee at non-trail sites (0-40 m [t = 4.558, P = 0.0001], 40-80 m [t = 3.775, P = 0.001]) and trail sites (0-40 m [t = 3.049, P = 0.005], 40-80 m [t = 1.808, P = 0.082]). The relationship between the ratio of beforeto after-walk waterfowl numbers vs. date since the start of the winter season (r(2) = 0.315, P = 0.102) and the total number of birds vs. the number of recreational trail users (r(2) = 0.041, P = 0.847) did not indicate increasing tolerance to trail use for waterfowl overall. However, species varied in their tolerances. Ruddy Duck numbers declined with increasing numbers of recreational trail users (rho = -0.481, P = 0.017), while Northern Shoveler numbers increased (rho = 0.456, P = 0.025). Distances (using the 95th percentile) that individual birds were recorded from researchers during experimental walks varied from approximately 170-200 m at both non-trail and trail sites.
机译：使用实验方法来调查越冬水禽响应，在美国加利福尼亚州的觅食地点引入觅食地点，在觅食网站上使用。 Waterfow以两位研究人员行走堤防的形式接触到邻近栖息地的步行，在从堤坝开始的40米频段之前和之后比较了物种的水禽数量，并将200米延伸到池塘。研究人员记录了最近的个人，焦点动物的回应以及娱乐船只用户的响应。最多种类的物种是红豆鸭（Oxyura Jamaicensis），北铲（Anas Clypeata）和SCAUP SPP。 （Aythya Affinis和A. Marila）。 TRAIL网站的娱乐小径使用费率平均为1至82人/小时。在与非路径位点最近堤坝最近的堤坝最近的两个40米频段之前，鸟类数量的最大差异（0-40 m [t = 4.558，p = 0.0001]，40-80 m [ T = 3.775，P = 0.001]）和路径部位（0-40 m [t = 3.049，p = 0.005]，40-80 m [t = 1.808，p = 0.082]）。从冬季开始以来的Beforeto之后的关系与冬季开始以来的日期（R（2）= 0.315，p = 0.15，p = 0.102）和鸟类的总数。 （2）= 0.041，P = 0.847）并未表明整体对水禽的跟踪使用的耐受性。然而，物种在宽容中变化。 Ruddy Duck Number越来越多的娱乐痕迹用户（rho = -0.481，p = 0.017），北铲数增加（rho = 0.456，p = 0.025）。距离（使用第95百分位数）在实验步行期间从研究人员中记录各个鸟类的距离在非路径和踪迹站点的大约170-200米之间变化。

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