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首页> 外文期刊>HortScience >Soil Nitrogen Fertilization Increases Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen Concentrations in 'Golden Russet' and 'Medaille d'Or' Apples Used for Cider Production
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Soil Nitrogen Fertilization Increases Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen Concentrations in 'Golden Russet' and 'Medaille d'Or' Apples Used for Cider Production

机译：土壤氮肥增加了“金色赤褐色”和“Medaile D'Or”苹果生产中的酵母可吸收氮浓度

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The recent growth in the U.S. hard-cider industry has increased the demand for cider apples (Malus xdomestica Borkh.), but little is known about how to manage orchard soil fertility best to optimize horticultural performance and juice characteristics for these cultivars. To assess whether nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil can improve apple juice and cider quality, calcium nitrate (CaNO3) fertilizer was applied at different rates to the soil beneath 'Golden Russet' and 'Medaille d'Or' trees over the course of three growing seasons. The experiment started when the trees were in their second leaf. The trees were cropped in their third and fourth leaf. At the end of the first growing season of the experiment, the greatest fertilizer rate increased tree trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) by 82% relative to the control, but this difference did not persist through to the end of the study. Yield and crop load were unaffected by the nitrogen fertilization treatments. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate correlated positively with more advanced harvest maturity in 'Golden Russet' fruit, which resulted in greater soluble solid concentration (SSC). Fruit from the greatest fertilizer rate treatment had an average starch pattern index (SP1) that was 1 U greater than in the control, and an SSC that was 3% greater than the control. The fertilizer treatments did not affect juice pH, titratable acidity (TA), or total polyphenol concentrations. Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentrations were increased by nitrogen fertilization for both cultivars in both harvest years. The greatest fertilizer treatment increased juice primary amino nitrogen by 103% relative to the control. Greater nitrogen fertilization rates correlated positively with less hydrogen sulfide production during the fermentation of 'Golden Russet' juice from the first, but not the second, harvest. During the first year, cumulative hydrogen sulfide production for the 'Golden Russet' control treatment was 29.6 mu g.L-1 compared with the 'Golden Russet' high treatment, which cumulatively produced 0.1 mu g.L-1. Greater maximum fermentation rates and shorter fermentation durations correlated positively with increased fertilization rate for both cultivars after the second harvest. High treatment fermentations had maximum fermentation rates 110% greater, and fermentation durations 30% shorter than the control. Other horticultural and juice-quality parameters were not affected negatively by the CaNO3 treatments. In orchards producing apples specifically for the hard-cider industry, nitrogen fertilizer could increase juice YAN, thus reducing the need for exogenous additions during cider production.
机译：最近美国硬苹果酒行业的增长增加了对苹果酒苹果苹果（Malus Xdomestica Borkh）的需求。但如何以如何管理果园土壤肥力的最佳方式，以优化这些品种的园艺性能和果汁特征。为了评估适用于土壤的氮肥是否可以改善苹果汁和苹果酒质量，硝酸钙（CanO3）肥料以不同的速率应用于“金色赤褐色”和'Medaile d'或'树的土壤，在三个生长的过程中季节。当树木在第二片叶子中时，实验开始了。树木在第三叶和第四叶中播种。在实验的第一个不断增长的季节结束时，最大的肥料速率增加了树干横截面积（TCSA）相对于控制的82％，但这种差异并不持续到研究结束。产量和作物载荷不受氮肥处理的影响。增加氮肥率随着“金色赤卷”果实中更先进的收获成熟度而相关，导致更可溶的固体浓度（SSC）。来自最伟大的肥料速率处理的果实的果实是平均淀粉样式指数（SP1），其比对照更大，SSC比对照大3％。肥料处理不影响果汁pH，可滴定酸度（TA）或全多酚浓度。酵母可染色的氮气（燕）浓度因氮气施肥而增加，均为收获岁月。最大的肥料治疗相对于对照将果汁初级氨基氮增加103％。氮肥率更大的氮肥率随着较少的硫化氢生产在第一个，但不是第二个收获的“金色赤褐色”果汁中产生较少。在第一年，与“金色赤褐色”高处理相比，“金赤褐色”控制处理的累积硫化氢生产是29.6亩。更大的最大发酵速率和较短的发酵持续时间随着在第二次收获后的施肥率增加而呈正相关。高处理发酵具有110％更高的发酵率，发酵持续时间短于对照30％。其他园艺和果汁质量参数不会受到CanO3治疗的负面影响。在果园生产专门为硬苹果酒行业的苹果制作，氮肥可以增加果汁，从而减少苹果酒生产过程中的外源添加。

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