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Engineering the Embryoid Body Microenvironment to Direct Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

机译：工程化胚体微环境以直接进行胚胎干细胞分化

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摘要

Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into all somatic and germ cell types.The intrinsic ability of pluripotent cells to generate a vast array of different cells makes ESCs a robust resource for a variety of cell transplantation and tissue engineering applications,however,efficient and controlled means of directing ESC differentiation is essential for the development of regenerative therapies.ESCs are commonly differentiated in vitro by spontaneously self-assembling in suspension culture into 3D cell aggregates called embryoid bodies(EBs),which mimic many of the hallmarks of early embryonic development,yet the 3D organization and structure of EBs also presents unique challenges to effectively direct the differentiation of the cells.ESC differentiation is strongly influenced by physical and chemical signals comprising the local extracellular microenvironment,thus current methods to engineer EB differentiation have focused primarily on spatially controlling EB size,adding soluble factors to the media,or culturing EBs on or within natural or synthetic extracellular matrices.Although most such strategies aim to influence differentiation from the exterior of EBs,engineering the microenvironment directly within EBs enables new opportunities to efficiently direct the fate of the cells by locally controlling the presentation of morphogenic cues.
机译：胚胎干细胞（ESCs）是能够分化为所有体细胞和生殖细胞类型的多能细胞。多能细胞产生大量不同细胞的内在能力使其成为各种细胞移植和组织工程应用的强大资源，然而，有效的和受控的引导ESC分化的方法对于再生疗法的发展至关重要。ESC通常通过在悬浮培养物中自发自组装成3D细胞聚集体（称为胚状体（EBs））在体外进行分化，这模仿了许多标志在早期胚胎发育的早期，然而，EB的3D组织和结构也提出了有效指导细胞分化的独特挑战。ESC分化受到包括局部细胞外微环境在内的物理和化学信号的强烈影响，因此目前进行EB分化的工程方法有主要关注空间控制扩大EB的大小，向培养基中添加可溶性因子或在天然或合成的细胞外基质上或内部培养EB。尽管大多数此类策略旨在影响EB外部的分化，但直接在EB内部改造微环境仍可为有效引导生物多样性提供新的机会。通过局部控制形态发生提示的表现来控制细胞的命运。

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