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Radiographic Assessment of Dental Pathology and Abnormalities in Dolphins

机译：海豚牙科病理学和异常的射线照相评估

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This study proposes a simple standardized method for the production of analog X-ray images of dolphin teeth, and to explore its potential use as a complementary technique in the evaluation of dental pathology in small cetaceans. We investigated exposure times that produced the best results, and whether radiographs helped in the diagnosis of macroscopic abnormalities. Teeth of six species of dolphins (Delphinidae: Tursiops truncatus, Steno bredanensis, Sotalia guianensis, Delphinus sp., Stenella coeruleoalba, and Stenella frontalis) were X-rayed in an analog dental X-ray machine operating at 70 kVp and 7 mA. Intraoral size 2 standard films were used, and the focus-film distance was standardised at 35 cm. Those species with smaller teeth (total length 12-20 mm) had the best results when exposed for 0.3 seconds, while species with larger teeth (30-45 mm) had to be exposed for 0.4 seconds for their best result. Three independent examiners analysed all the images taken. The average pairwise percent agreement was 73% (Fleiss' Kappa = 0.229), suggesting fair agreement between examiners. Analog X-ray images produced were useful in complementing the diagnosis of dental pathology and abnormalities in dolphins, in addition to allowing the observation of internal details and lesion depths, which would not be possible with conventional macroscopic methods. The use of analog X-ray imaging is easily applicable to the study of dolphin teeth, with low operating costs and simple logistics compared to other non-destructive analytical approaches such as Micro-CT.
机译：本研究提出了一种简单的标准化方法，用于生产海豚牙齿的模拟X射线图像，并探讨其在小鲸类中评估牙科病理学中的互补技术的潜在用途。我们调查了产生最佳结果的暴露时间，以及射线照相是否有助于诊断宏观异常。牙齿六种海豚（Delphinidae：Tursiops truncatus，Steno Bredanensis，Sotalia Guianensis，Delphinus sp。，Stenella coeruleoalba和Stenella Frontalis）是在70 kVp和7 ma工作的模拟牙科X射线机中的X射线。使用口腔尺寸2标准膜，并将焦膜距离标准化为35厘米。牙齿较小的那些物种（总长度为12-20毫米）在暴露0.3秒时具有最佳结果，而具有较大牙齿（30-45mm）的物种必须暴露0.4秒以获得最佳结果。三名独立审查员分析了所有的图像。平均成对百分比协议为73％（Fleiss'Kappa = 0.229），建议审查员之间的公平协议。制备的模拟X射线图像可用于补充海豚牙科病理学和异常的诊断，除了允许观察内部细节和病变深度，这对于传统的宏观方法也是不可能的。模拟X射线成像的使用很容易适用于海豚齿的研究，与其他非破坏性分析方法如微型CT相比，低运营成本和简单的物流。

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