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首页> 外文期刊>Vadose zone journal VZJ >Review and Evaluation of Root Respiration and of Natural and Agricultural Processes of Soil Aeration
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Review and Evaluation of Root Respiration and of Natural and Agricultural Processes of Soil Aeration

机译：根呼吸和土壤曝气自然和农业过程的回顾与评估

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Soil aeration processes and status are reviewed with regard to different soil, climatic, land-use, and crop types and with regard to diffusive and advective flow mechanisms. Factors affecting aeration status and its quantifiers are discussed and active soil aeration ("oxygation") practices are presented. Movement of O-2 from the soil surface into the soil profile and its transport into soil aggregates and toward plant roots is mainly diffusive. In most circumstances, root respiration is constrained by vertical O-2 diffusion from the atmosphere to the root zone and by the diffusive resistance of the mucilage layer. Several O-2-diffusive flow models are proposed and discussed with regard to the different geometries, relevant length scales, boundary conditions, and sinks. Soil aeration by advective O-2 flow, driven by barometric pressure changes, may also be significant in dry, coarse-textured soils with no underlying impermeable layers. Respiration in the soil consists mainly of plant root and microbial O-2 uptake, which are roughly of the same magnitude and strongly correlated through symbiotic and competitive relationships. The bulk, areal soil respiration rate varies from several to tens of grams of O-2 per square meter per day depending on soil cover: fallow, pasture, forests, unirrigated and irrigated, cropped fields, and orchards (in general increasing order). Soil respiration rate is also affected by climatic conditions, where a temperature difference of 10 degrees C increases O-2 consumption (and CO2 production) two-to threefold. The ratio between emitted CO2 and inspired O-2 (respiratory quotient) is not unity (on a molar basis) but rather depends on the types of respiring populations and environmental conditions. Reduced O-2 and elevated CO2 concentrations negatively affect plant growth and productivity. These conditions are correlated mostly with wet and warm soils, such as intensively irrigated fields with fine-textured soils (high water retention) during the summer. Oxygen-availability quantifiers such as O-2 concentration, air content, and O-2 diffusion rate are superior to other quantifiers such as soil properties (e.g., soil texture, porosity) and redox potential. In the last few decades, several active aeration methods have been proposed and evaluated, such as adding air or O-2 bubbles or H2O2 to the irrigation water and air injection into the soil. Although these methods have given mainly positive results, none is widely used in agricultural practice, due mainly to a lack of profitability potential, field-scale proof demonstration, and a coherent protocol for field application.
机译：在不同的土壤，气候，土地利用和作物类型以及扩散和平流的流动机制方面审查了土壤曝气过程和地位。讨论了影响曝气状态及其量子的因素，并提出了活性土壤曝气（“杂化”）实践。 O-2从土壤表面的运动进入土壤剖面及其进入土壤骨料和植物根部的运输主要是扩散。在大多数情况下，根呼吸受到从大气到根区的垂直O-2扩​​散的约束，并通过粘液层的扩散抗性。提出了几种O-2漫射流模型，并在不同的几何形状，相关长度尺度，边界条件和下沉讨论。通过方向于O-2流动的土壤曝气，由气压变化驱动，在干燥的粗糙纹理土壤中也可能是显着的，没有底层的不可渗透层。土壤中的呼吸主要由植物根和微生物O-2摄取组成，其粗略大致与共生和竞争关系强烈相关。散装量，土壤呼吸速率从几到十克克，每天每平方米每天均取决于土壤覆盖：休耕，牧场，森林，未灌注，耕地和果园（一般增加顺序）。土壤呼吸速率也受气候条件的影响，其中10℃的温差增加了O-2消耗（和二氧化碳生产）两到三倍。发射的CO2和灵感O-2（呼吸型商）之间的比率不是统一（在摩尔基础上），而是取决于呼吸群体和环境条件的类型。减少O-2和升高的CO2浓度对植物生长和生产率产生负面影响。这些条件主要与潮湿的土壤相关，例如在夏季内具有细色织土壤（高保水）的强烈灌溉领域。氧可用性量化器如O-2浓度，空气含量和O-2扩散速率优于其他量子，如土壤性质（例如，土壤质地，孔隙率）和氧化还原潜力。在过去的几十年中，已经提出和评估了几种活性通气方法，例如将空气或O-2气泡或H 2 O 2添加到灌溉水和空气喷射到土壤中。虽然这些方法主要给出了积极的结果，但没有广泛用于农业实践，主要是由于缺乏盈利潜力，现场规模证明和现场应用的相干议定书。

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  • 来源
    《Vadose zone journal VZJ》 |2018年第1期|共47页
  • 作者

    Ben-Noah Ilan; Friedman Shmulik P.;

  • 作者单位

    Agr Res Org Inst Soil Water &

    Environm Sci Volcani Ctr HaMacca Bim Rd 68 POB 15159 IL-7505101 Rishon Leziyyon Israel;

    Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Robert H Smith Fac Agr Food &

    Environm Dept Soil &

    Water Sci POB 12 IL-76100 Rehovot Israel;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 天文学、地球科学;
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