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Language difficulties and internalizing problems: Bidirectional associations from 18 months to 8 years among boys and girls

机译：语言困难和内部化问题：男孩和女孩之间的18个月至8年的双向协会

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Studies have shown that early language difficulties are associated with later internalizing problems. Less is known about the nature of the association: the bidirectional relationship over time, the role of different types of language difficulties, and gender differences. The present study examined bidirectional longitudinal associations between parent-rated language difficulties and internalizing problems in a four-wave cross-lagged model from 18 months to 8 years. Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study were used (N = 114,000). Gender-specific dichotomized language variables were created, and associations were investigated uniquely for boys and girls. Logistic regression analyses showed that all cross-lagged associations from 18 months to 5 years were significant for girls (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.48–1.94). For boys, only internalizing problems at 3 years predicted change in language difficulties (OR = 2.33). From 5 to 8 years, the cross-lagged associations between semantic language difficulties and internalizing problems were significant and strong for girls (ORs = 1.92–2.97) and nonsignificant for boys. The results suggest that the associations between language difficulties and internalizing problems are bidirectional from an early age, and that girls are especially vulnerable for developing co-occurring language difficulties and internalizing problems during the years of transition to school.
机译：研究表明，早期语言困难与后来的内化问题有关。较少是关于协会的性质所知的：双向关系随着时间的推移，不同类型的语言困难的作用以及性别差异。本研究检测了父母额定语言困难之间的双向纵向关联，从18个月到8年的四波交叉滞后模型中的内化问题。使用来自挪威母亲和儿童队列研究的数据（n = 114,000）。创建了性别特异性二分法语言变量，为男孩和女孩唯一调查协会。 Logistic回归分析表明，女孩的所有交叉滞后关联对于女孩均为重要意义（差异比例[或者] = 1.48-1.94）。对于男孩来说，只有3年的内化问题预计语言困难的变化（或= 2.33）。从5到8年来看，语义语言困难与内化问题之间的交叉滞后协会对女孩（或者= 1.92-2.97）而言，对男孩而言是显着的。结果表明，语言困难与内化问题的协会是从早期的双向的，而那个女孩特别容易受到在向学校过渡多年过渡期间的共同发生语言困难和内部化问题。

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