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首页> 外文期刊>Development and psychopathology >Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective
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Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective

机译：产前孕产妇胁迫，胎儿编程和后期精神病理学的机制 - 全球视角

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There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene–environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that “wife beating” was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world.
机译：有明确的证据表明，母亲的压力，焦虑或抑郁症可以改变她的胎儿和孩子的发展，以增加后期的精神病理学风险。我们开始了解一些潜在的机制，包括胎盘，基因 - 环境相互作用，表观生物学和特定系统，包括下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺轴和细胞因子的作用。在这篇综述中，我们还考虑在世界不同地区的这些效果如何不同，并且可能会加剧。对战争中的社区中的产前压力有很多原因。孕妇和婴儿死亡可能会提高妊娠特异性焦虑。可以提高人际暴力（在阿富汗90.2％的女性认为，“妻子殴打”是合理的，而阿根廷则为2.0％）。可能与营养缺陷或极端温度相互作用。产前胁迫改变了微生物组，不同国家可能不同。不同族裔群体的遗传差异可能对产前胁迫对儿童神经发育的影响更脆弱或更具弹性。对这些问题的大多数研究都是来自高收入国家的高加索样本。现在是时候了解胎儿压力和精神病理学以及社会和生物学差异的作用，在世界其他地区。

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