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Late 19th century accounts of Indian yellow: The analysis of samples from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

机译：19世纪末印度黄色账户：皇家植物园的样本分析，Kew

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摘要

Indian yellow has always been a mysterious pigment. In 1883, an eye-witness account of its production described it as a urinary sediment from cows fed a mango leaves rich diet; this same account describes a set of manufacturing materials and samples sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (England). Most of these original materials were recovered in 2016 from the Economic Botany Collection at Kew, and analyzed alongside known reference materials, to characterize the pigment materials, and to search for evidence of an animal origin. Component characterization and identification was performed using py (TMAH)-GC-MS, LC-MS, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, UVA-induced visible fluorescence, and polarized light microscopy. All the materials were shown to contain variable ratios of reported components of Indian yellow (euxanthic acid, euxanthone, and a sulfo-derivative of euxanthone), and some presented hippuric acid, a ruminant metabolite found in urine. This is the first substantial link between animal urine and the pigment Indian yellow. When possible, the interior and exterior of the pigment-balls were characterized, and a higher amount of euxanthone was consistently detected on the exposed exterior of the ball. It is proposed, that euxanthone may be a chemical marker for the degradation of Indian yellow. A laboratory prepared euxanthone was used for comparison; this paper presents the characterization data for euxanthone, much of which is the first time it has been reported in the literature.
机译：印度黄色一直是一个神秘的颜料。 1883年，目击其生产的目击者描述了它作为喂养芒果饲养富饮料的牛的尿泥沉淀物;同样的帐户描述了一套制造材料和样品，发送到皇家植物园，Kew（英格兰）。这些原始材料中的大多数是在2016年从Kew的经济植物学收集中恢复，并与已知的参考材料一起分析，以表征颜料材料，并寻找动物来源的证据。使用PY（TMAH）-GC-MS，LC-MS，FTIR，拉曼光谱，SEM-EDS，UVA诱导的可见荧光和偏振光显微镜进行组分表征和鉴定。显示所有材料含有报告的印度黄（氧化酸，玉酰酮和氧化芳纶硫衍生物）的可变比例，以及一些呈现的海皮酸，在尿液中发现的反刍动物代谢物。这是动物尿液与颜料印度黄色之间的第一个实质性联系。当可能的时候，颜料球的内部和外部的特征在于，并且在暴露的球的暴露的外部上始终检测到较高量的氧化酮。提出，氧化龙酮可能是印度黄色降解的化学标志物。制备实验室制备的氧化酮进行比较;本文介绍了exststhone的表征数据，其中大部分是在文献中首次报告的。

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