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Formative study conducted in five countries to adapt the community popular opinion leader intervention.

机译：在五个国家进行了适应性研究，以适应社区民意领袖的干预。

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OBJECTIVE: To obtain information about the social and cultural factors related to health behaviors influencing HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmission in study communities in China, India, Peru, Russia, and Zimbabwe so that the assessment and intervention of the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative HIV/STD Prevention Trial could be adapted appropriately. METHODS: Field observations, focus groups, in-depth interviews with key informants, and an observation of community social dynamics were conducted as part of a rapid ethnographic assessment. RESULTS: All five sites reported a power dynamic tilted towards men, which rendered women particularly vulnerable to HIV and other STDs. Women's relative lack of power was exemplified by a double standard for extramarital sex, women's limited ability to negotiate sex or condom use, and sexual and physical violence against women. In all sites except Russia, extramarital sex is tolerated for men but proscribed for women. In Peru, power dynamics between men who have sex with men were tilted towards men who self-identified as heterosexual. Condom use (reported to be low across all sites) was often linked to having sex with only those perceived as high-risk partners. Regardless of site or study population, participants agreed on the following characteristics of an ideal community popular opinion leader (C-POL): respectable, credible, experienced (life and sexual), trustworthy, empathetic, well-spoken, and self-confident. CONCLUSION: The ethnographic studies provided critical information that enabled the study teams to adapt elements of the Trial in culturally appropriate ways in diverse international settings.
机译：目的：在中国，印度，秘鲁，俄罗斯和津巴布韦的研究社区中，获取与影响艾滋病毒/性传播疾病（STD）传播的健康行为相关的社会和文化因素的信息，以便美国国立卫生研究院进行评估和干预。可以适当调整心理健康（NIMH）的艾滋病毒/性病协作预防试验。方法：作为快速民族志评估的一部分，进行了现场观察，焦点小组，对关键线人的深入访谈以及对社区社会动态的观察。结果：所有五个站点都报告了一种权力动态，偏向男性，这使得女性特别容易感染艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病。妇女的相对缺乏权力体现在婚外性行为的双重标准，妇女通过性行为或使用安全套的能力有限以及对妇女的性暴力和肉体暴力。除俄罗斯外，在所有地方，男性都允许婚外性行为，而女性则被禁止。在秘鲁，与男人发生性关系的男人之间的动力变化倾向于自我认同为异性恋的男人。避孕套的使用（据报告在所有场所的使用率都很低）通常与只与被视为高风险伙伴的性行为有关。无论地点或研究人群如何，参与者都同意理想的社区民意领袖（C-POL）的以下特征：尊重，可信，有经验（生活和性），可信赖，善解人意，口齿伶俐和自信。结论：人种学研究提供了关键信息，使研究团队能够在各种国际环境中以适合文化的方式适应试验的要素。

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