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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Economic Entomology >Global Patterns of Resistance to Bt Crops Highlighting Pink Bollworm in the United States, China, and India
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Global Patterns of Resistance to Bt Crops Highlighting Pink Bollworm in the United States, China, and India

机译：全球抵抗BT作物的抗性模式，在美国，中国和印度突出粉红色的鸡蛋

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摘要

Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have advanced pest control, but their benefits have been reduced by evolution of resistance in pests. The global monitoring data reviewed here reveal 19 cases of practical resistance to Bt crops, which is field-evolved resistance that reduces Bt crop efficacy and has practical consequences for pest control. Each case represents the responses of one pest species in one country to one Bt toxin. The results with pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and Bt cotton differ strikingly among the world's three leading cotton-producing nations. In the southwestern United States, farmers delayed resistance by planting non-Bt cotton refuges from 1996 to 2005, then cooperated in a program that used Bt cotton, mass releases of sterile moths, and other tactics to eradicate this pest from the region. In China, farmers reversed low levels of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton by planting second-generation hybrid seeds from crosses between Bt and non-Bt cotton. This approach yields a refuge of 25% non-Bt cotton plants randomly interspersed within fields of Bt cotton. Farmers adopted this tactic voluntarily and unknowingly, not to manage resistance, but apparently because of its perceived short-term agronomic and economic benefits. In India, where non-Bt cotton refuges have been scarce and pink bollworm resistance to pyramided Bt cotton producing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab toxins is widespread, integrated pest management emphasizing shortening of the cotton season, destruction of crop residues, and other tactics is now essential.
机译：作物遗传设计用于从芽孢杆菌（BT）中产生杀虫蛋白质具有晚期害虫控制，但由于害虫中抗性的演化，它们的益处已经减少。此处审查的全球监测数据显示出对Bt作物的实际抗性的19例，这是现场演进的抗性，可降低BT作物疗效，对害虫控制具有实际后果。每种情况都代表一个国家在一个国家到一个BT毒素的害虫物种的响应。粉红色的棉铃虫（Pectinophora Gossypiella）和BT棉花的结果在世界三个领先的棉花产国中略显不同。在美国西南部，农民通过从1996年到2005年种植非BT棉质难民延迟抵抗力，然后在使用BT棉花，大规模释放的无菌飞蛾和其他策略中的计划中合作，从该地区消除这种疾病。在中国，农民通过种植来自BT和非BT棉之间的十字架的第二代杂种种子来逆转粉红色棉铃虫抗性。这种方法产生25％的非BT棉花植物的避难，随机散布在BT棉的领域内。农民自愿和不知不觉地通过了这个策略，而不是为了抵抗，而是显然是因为它的短期农艺和经济效益。在印度，非BT棉避难所稀缺和粉红色的棉铃虫耐药棉花生产Cry1Ac和Cry2ab毒素是广泛的，综合害虫管理强调缩短棉花季节，破坏作物残留物，而且其他策略现在至关重要。

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