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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition >Grammatical Predictions in Spanish-English Bilinguals and Spanish-Language Learners
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Grammatical Predictions in Spanish-English Bilinguals and Spanish-Language Learners

机译：西班牙语双语和西班牙语学习者的语法预测

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摘要

Although bilingual individuals know 2 languages, research suggests that the languages are not separate in the mind. This is especially evident when a bilingual individual switches languages midsentence, indicating that mental representations are, to some degree, overlapping or integrated across the 2 languages. In 2 eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the nature of this integration during reading to examine whether incremental grammatical predictions generated by Spanish-English bilinguals (Experiment 1, N = 50) and Spanish-as-a-second-language learners (Experiment 2, N = 50) are languagespecific or language-independent. As participants in same-language and mixed-language pairs performed a 2-string lexical-decision task, we measured eye fixation times on nouns in grammatical (determinernoun) and ungrammatical (adverb-noun) contexts. In Experiment 1, bilingual participants read nouns faster following determiners than they read adverbs in both same- and mixed-language pairs, indicating that grammatical predictability in this context is language-independent. Surface-string bigram frequencies are unlikely to account for the results because the grammatical predictability effect was just as large for mixed-language (very low bigram frequency) as same-language (higher bigram frequency) pairs, and the effect was not modulated by the code-switching experience of participants. Experiment 2 found a similar, though nonsignificant, pattern for Spanish-language learners. When the data for Experiments 1 and 2 were combined, the effect of grammaticality did not interact with language congruency, participant group, or language proficiency, suggesting that both bilingual participants and language learners generated language-independent predictions. Our results support a bilingual model in which languageindependent syntactic representations are involved in word-by-word, incremental syntactic processing, even within the most basic grammatical constituents.
机译：虽然双语个人知道2种语言，但研究表明语言在心中并不分开。当双语个人交换机语言中期时，这尤其明显，表明心理表现在某种程度上，重叠或跨越两种语言。在2个关注的实验中，我们在阅读期间调查了这种集成的性质，以检查西班牙语 - 英语双语（实验1，N = 50）和西班牙语作为第二语言学习者产生的增量语法预测（实验2 ，n = 50）是语言特异性或独立语言。作为同性恋和混合语言对的参与者执行了2字符串的词法决策任务，我们在语法（确定性）和UNACLMARACTION（Adverb-Noun）上下文中的名词上测量了眼固定时间。在实验1中，双语参与者在不同的决定器中读取名词，而不是它们在相同和混合语言对中的读取副词，表明在这种情况下的语法可预测性是无关的。表面串的BIGRAM频率不太可能考虑结果，因为语法可预测性效应与混合语言（非常低的BIGRAM频率）一样大，与相同的语言（更高的BIGRAM频率）对，并且效果未被调制参与者的代码切换体验。实验2发现了类似的，虽然是西班牙语学习者的无情的模式。当实验1和2的数据组合时，语法性的效果没有与语言一致性，参与者组或语言能力相互作用，这表明双语参与者和语言学习者都生成了独立于语言的预测。我们的结果支持一个双语模型，其中语言独立的句法表示涉及逐字，即使在最基本的语法成分中也是如此。

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