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Unpacking the species conundrum: philosophy, practice and a way forward

机译：打开物种难题：哲学，练习和前进的方式

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The history of ecology and evolutionary biology is rife with attempts to define and delimit species. However, there has been confusion between concepts and criteria, which has led to discussion, debate, and conflict, eventually leading to lack of consistency in delimitation. Here, we provide a broad review of species concepts, a clarification of category versus concept, an account of the general lineage concept (GLC), and finally a way forward for species discovery and delimitation. Historically, species were considered as varieties bound together by reproduction. After over 200 years of uncertainty, Mayr attempted to bring coherence to the definition of species through the biological species concept (BSC). This has, however, received much criticism, and the last half century has spawned at least 20 other concepts. A central philosophical problem is that concepts treat species as ` individuals' while the criteria for categorization treats them as ` classes'. While not getting away from this problem entirely, the GLC attempts to provide a framework where lineage divergence is influenced by a number of different factors (and correlated to different traits) which relate to the different species concepts. We also introduce an ` inclusive' probabilistic approach for understanding and delimiting species. Finally, we provide aWallacean (geography related) approach to the Linnaean problem of identifying and delimiting species, particularly for cases of allopatric divergence, and map this to the GLC. Going one step further, we take a morphometric terrain approach to visualizing and understanding differences between lineages. In summary, we argue that while generalized frameworks may work well for concepts of what species are, plurality and ` inclusive' probabilistic approaches may work best for delimitation.
机译：生态学和进化生物学的历史是普遍的尝试定义和分隔物种。然而，概念与标准之间存在混淆，这导致讨论，辩论和冲突，最终导致划界缺乏一致性。在这里，我们提供了对物种概念的广泛审查，澄清类别与概念，是一般血统概念（GLC）的叙述，最后是物种发现和划界的前进方向。从历史上看，物种被认为是通过繁殖结合在一起的品种。经过200多年的不确定性后，Mayr试图通过生物物种概念（BSC）对物种的定义结合。然而，这有很多批评，过去半个世纪已经产生了至少20个其他概念。一个中央哲学问题是概念将物种视为“个人”，而分类标准将它们视为“课程”。虽然没有完全逃离这个问题，但GLC试图提供一个框架，其中谱系发散受到与不同物种概念相关的许多不同因素（和相关的特征）的影响。我们还介绍了一种理解和划定物种的“包容性”概率方法。最后，我们向识别和分隔物种的Linnaean问题提供令人畏惧的（地理相关）方法，特别是对于各种分歧的病例，并将其映射到GLC。进一步走上一步，我们采取了形态学的地形方法来可视化和理解谱系之间的差异。总之，我们认为，虽然广义框架可能适用于物种的概念，但是多个和“包容性”概率方法可能最适合划界。

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