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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of hydrometeorology >How Frequent is Precipitation over the Contiguous United States? Perspectives from Ground-Based and Spaceborne Radars
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How Frequent is Precipitation over the Contiguous United States? Perspectives from Ground-Based and Spaceborne Radars

机译：在邻近的美国汇率如何频繁？ 地面和星载雷达的观点

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摘要

High temporal and spatial resolution observations of precipitation occurrence from the NEXRAD-based Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system are compared to matched observations from CloudSat for 3 years over the contiguous United States (CONUS). Across the CONUS, precipitation is generally reported more frequently by CloudSat (7.8%) than by MRMS (6.3%), with dependence on factors such as the NEXRAD beam height, the near-surface air temperature, and the surface elevation. There is general agreement between ground-based and satellite-derived precipitation events over flat surfaces, especially in widespread precipitation events and when the NEXRAD beam heights are low. Within 100 km of the nearest NEXRAD site, MRMS reports a precipitation frequency of 7.54% while CloudSat reports 7.38%. However, further inspection reveals offsetting biases between the products, where CloudSat reports more snow and MRMS reports more rain. The magnitudes of these discrepancies correlate with elevation, but they are observed in both the complex terrain of the Rocky Mountains and the relatively flat midwestern areas of the CONUS. The findings advocate for caution when using MRMS frequency and accumulations in complex terrain, when temperatures are below freezing, and at ranges greater than 100 km. A multiresolution analysis shows that no more than 1.88% of CloudSat pixels over flat terrain are incorrectly identified as nonprecipitating as a result of shallow showers residing the CloudSat clutter-filled blind zone when near-surface air temperatures are above 158 degrees C.
机译：与基于NEXRAD的多雷达多传感器（MRMS）系统的降水发生的高时和空间分辨率观察，以与Cloudsat的匹配观察与连续的美国（Conus）相匹配3年。在康斯群中，沉淀通常由Cloudsat（7.8％）更频繁地报告MRMS（6.3％），依赖于Nexrad光束高度，近表面空气温度和表面高度等因素。在平面上基于地面和卫星衍生的降水事件之间存在一般同意，特别是在广泛的降水事件中，并且当Nexrad光束高度低时。距离最近的Nexrad网站范围内，MRMS报告的降水频率为7.54％，而Cloudsat报告7.38％。然而，进一步的检查揭示了欧洲产品之间的偏见，其中Cloudsat报告更多的雪和MRMS报告更多的雨水。这些差异的大小与高度相关，但在岩石山脉的复杂地形和康斯的相对平坦的中西部地区观察到它们。当温度低于冻结时，调查结果倡导在复杂地形中的MRMS频率和累积时，在大于100公里的范围内。多分辨率分析表明，由于近地表空气温度高于158℃，因此不超过1.88％的平坦地形上的Clound Tellain的Cloudsat像素的云层像素被错误地确定为非俯冲。

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