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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Avian Biology >Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes Grus grus
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Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes Grus grus

机译：基于家庭的地区vs漂游越冬普通的起重机grus grus grus grus

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摘要

We describe winter territoriality in common cranes, Gras grus, a long-lived migrant species with long-lasting pair bonds and parental care extending throughout the winter. Cranes are territorial in the breeding season, and usually gregarious during migration and wintering. Only 2% of the families present in our study area were territorial, all other families foraged in flocks with immatures and adult pairs. Territorial pairs defended the same winter territory year after year, but only when they bad offspring. They were gregarious otherwise. The average breeding success measured throughout several years was higher in territorial pairs. Winter territories were small (0.7 km(2) on average), but included a higher diversity of habitats than the areas visited by gregarious birds (11.7 km(2) on average). Adults of territorial families showed longer vigilance times, and lower food intake rates than did adults in flocks, which were compensated with a longer time spent foraging per day. The accumulated daily food intake did not differ between adults in flocks and in families. We suggest that winter territoriality is a facultative strategy, conditioned by parental experience and habitat availability.
机译：我们在普通的起重机中描述了冬季领土，Gras Grus是一种长期的移民物种，持续持续的一对债券和整个冬季延伸的父母护理。起重机在繁殖季节是领土，通常在迁移和越冬过程中的悲惨。只有2％的家庭在我们的研究区出现的是领土，所有其他家庭在羊群中觅食，具有难以置心的成人对。逾期成对对同一冬季的领土持续，但只有当他们失去后代时才。否则他们是艰难的。在几年内测量的平均育种成功在领土对中更高。冬季领土很小（平均0.7公里（2）），但包括栖息地的更高多样性，而不是血腥鸟类（11.7公里（2）平均地区）。领土家庭的成年人表现出更长的警惕时间，比羊群中的成年人更长的食物进口率，这是每天觅食的较长时间补偿。群中群和家庭的成年人之间的累计日常食物摄入量没有差异。我们建议冬季地区是一种父母经验和栖息地可用性的兼容性战略。

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